阅读下面短文,根据所读内容在文后第1至第10小题的空格里填上适当的单词可短语。注意:每空不超过3个单词。
The girls in this sixth grade class in East Palo, Alto, California, all have the same access to computers as boys. But researchers say, by the time they get to high school, they are victims of what the researchers call a major new gender (性别) gap in technology. Janice Weinman of the American Association of University Women says, “Girls tend to be less comfortable than boys with the computer. They use it more for word processing rather than for problem solving, rather than to discover new ways in which to understand information.”
After re-examining a thousand studies, the American Association of University Women researchers found that girls make up only small percentage of students in computer science classes. Girls consistently rate themselves significantly lower than boys in their ability and confidence in using computers. And they use computers less often than boys outside the classroom.
An instructor of a computer lab says he’s already noticed some difference. Charles Cheadle of Cesar Chavez School says, “Boys are not so afraid they might do something that will harm the computer, whereas girls are afraid they might break it somehow.”
Purple Moon says it found what girls want----characters they can relate to and story lines relative to what’s going on in their own lives. Karen Gould of Purple Moon Software says, “What we definitely found from girls is that there is no intrinsic(固有的) reason why they wouldn’t want to play on a computer; it was just a content thing.”
The sponsor of the study says it all boils down to this: the technology gender gap that separates the girls from the boys must be closed if women are to compete effectively with men in the 21 st century.
A gender gap in 1.
Computer usage | girls | ●Using it more for 2. ●Reading 3. relative to their own lives |
boys | ●4. ●Discovering new ways | |
Results of the study | girls | ●Making up small percentage in computer classes ●Using computer 5. than boys ●Being afraid of 6. |
boys | ●Making up 7. percentage ●Using computer more often than girls ●8. to break the computer | |
9. | Women must 10. in technology to compete effectively in the 21st century. |
1.technology/computer 2.word processing 3.story lines 4.Solving problems
5.less 6.harming/breaking the computer 7.large/high
8.Not being afraid 9.Conclusion 10.close the gap
Over the last 70 years, researchers have been studying happy and unhappy people and finally found out ten factors that make a difference. Our feelings of well – being at any moment are determined to a certain degree by genes. However, of all the factors, wealth and age are the top two.
Money can buy a degree of happiness. But once you can afford to feed, clothe and house yourself, each extra dollar makes less and less difference. Researchers find that, on average, wealthier people are happier. But the link between money and happiness is complex. In the past half-century, average income has sharply increased in developed countries, yet happiness levels have remained almost the same. Once your basic needs are met, money only seems to increase happiness if you have more than your friends, neighbors and colleagues.
In a research, Professor Alex Michalos found that the people whose desires-not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health-rose furthest beyond what they already had, tended to be less happy than those who felt a smaller gap. Indeed, the size of the gap predicted happiness about five times better than income alone. “The gap measures just blow away the only measures of income.” says Michalos.
Another factor that has to do with happiness is age. Old age may not be so bad “Given all the problems of aging, how could the elderly be more satisfied?”asks Professor Laura Carstensen.
In one survey, Carstensen interviewed 184 people between the ages of 18 and 94, and asked them to fill out an emotions questionnaire. She found that old people reported positive emotions just as often as young people. Some scientists suggest older people may expect life to be harder and learn to live with it, or they’re more realistic about their time running out, older people have learned to focus on things that make them happy and let go of those that don’t.
“People realize not only what they have, but also that what they have cannot last forever,” she says. “A goodbye kiss to a husband or wife at the age of 85, for example, may bring far more complex emotional responses than a similar kiss to a boy or girl friend at the age of 20.”
1.Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word “well – being.”
2.What makes people less happy according to Professor Alex Michalos’s research? (回答词数不超过6个)
3.Why are aged people more likely to feel happy? (回答词数不超过8个)
1.Happiness.
2.The difference (gap) between desires and reality.
3.Because they’re more practical/realistic.
It’s very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (not being the same) is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birthrates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool and promoting policies can help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn’t occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need.
Likewise, I don’t hear people in the academy saying “Let’s go backward. Let’s go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格选人才) (which was never true we never had a meritocracy (精英), although we’ve come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its small population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses.”
1.The underlined word “imperative” most probably means “ ”.
A.superficial B.remarkable C.debatable D.necessary
2.Which of the following groups of people still disagree in their views on diversity?
A.Meritocracies. B.Politicians. C.Professors. D.Managers.
3.High corporate leaders seem to be in favor of promoting diversity so as to .
A.lower the rate of unemployment
B.win equal political rights
C.be competitive in the world market
D.satisfy the demands of a growing population
4.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A.meritocracy can never be realized without diversity
B.American political circles will not accept diversity
C.it is unlikely that diversity will occur in the U.S. media
D.in order to compete in the global market place, diversity is unnecessary.
5.According to the passage diversity can be achieved in American society by .
A.expanding the pool of potential employees.
B.promoting policies that provide skills to employees
C.training more engineers, scientists lawyers and business managers
D.providing education for all regardless of race or sex
DBCAD
People often talk as if shyness is a disease or mental condition that can be cured. I prefer to think of it as an emotional disability. It’s something we are born with and something we carry with us in our entire lives. There are too many people, however, who seem to be determined to find some way of doing away with their shyness. In my opinion, it’s a waste of time. I don’t mean that we should do nothing about it; quite the contrary, I think we need to separate the basic fact of our shyness from our ability to take part in a social environment.
Look at one of the most famous shy people of them all, Johnny Carson. This man is painfully shy, yet for decades he made a living talking and associating with different people every night, in front of a national audience. Carson has never done away with his shyness, but he has successfully found a way to deal with it to the extent that he could be, not just a talk show host, but a legend among talk show hosts. Look also at Sally Fields, who has recently admitted her problem with shyness. This is a woman who has appeared in many films, TV shows and interviews, yet in her early years she was so shy that she turned down a lunch invitation from Jane Fonda because she was terribly afraid of meeting her.
I guess that our shyness is there because each of us is born with some insecurity and this insecurity prevents us from reaching out to others the way people with a more open personality do. As we grow up and become adults, we allow our social skills to grow and develop. But we are still stuck in kindergarten or elementary school or wherever it was when our shyness took root in our soul.
1.In the author’s view, shyness can be explained as ________.
A.a disease that can be easily cured
B.a not very normal mental condition
C.an emotional disability
D.something we pick up after birth
2.Which of the following is TRUE of Johnny Carson?
A.He has dealt with shyness very successfully.
B.He has done away with his shyness carefully.
C.He is described as a hero in some legend books.
D.He failed to become a good talk show host.
3.The passage tells us that Sally Fields was ________.
A.proud all the time B.impolite when young
C.shy in her early years D.close to Jane Fonda
4.The author thinks that our shyness is there because ________.
A.we are not open enough
B.we don’t feel secure at heart
C.we try to reach out to others all the time
D.we lack some social skills
CACB
A youngster’s social development has a very great effect on his academic progress. Kids who have trouble getting along with their classmates can end up behind academically as well and have a higher chance of dropping out. In the early grades especially, experts say, youngsters should be encouraged to work in groups rather than individually so that teachers can find children who may be having problems making friends. “When children work on a project,” says LiNian Kate, an educational professor at the University & Illinois, “they learn to work together, to disagree, to think to take turns and lighten tensions.” These skills can’t be learned through lecture. We all know people who have wonderful technical skills but don’t have any social skills. Relationships should be the first “R”.
At a certain age, children are also learning to judge themselves in relation to others. For most children, school marks are not set by an inside clock but by the outside world Just as the 1 – year – old is struggling to walk and the 6 – year – old is struggling to meet expectations. “Young kids don’t know how to distinguish between effort and ability”, says Tynette Hills, professor of early – childhood education for the state of New Jersey. If they try hard to do something and fail, they may conclude that they will never be able to accomplish a particular task. “The effect is serious,” says Hills, “A child who has had his confidence really damaged needs a rescue operation.”
1.The author seems to think that a kid’s poor relationship with his classmates would .
A.have negative effects on his study
B.develop his individualism but limit his intelligence
C.eventually lead to his leaving school
D.have nothing to do with his achievements in a course
2.For most children, school makes them understand .
A.that it is society rather than individual that decides one’s future
B.that they can meet the social needs.
C.that one’s effort and one’s ability can be two quite different matters
D.that social needs and individual needs have nothing in common
3.Which of the following is most unlikely for the author to do?
A.To talk to the students who have mental problems.
B.To help students develop a feeling of self – respect.
C.To keep a student from playing alone.
D.To announce a student’s scores in public.
4.Which of the following is the major concern of the passage about a student’s needs?
A.Individualism and cooperation.
B.Academic success and independent thinking.
C.Socialization and feeling of ability.
D.Intelligence and respect.
AADC
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