假定你所在的城市面临严重的交通问题。请从现象、原因及措施方面着手，以Traffic In Our City Needs Improvement 为题，写一篇不少120词的文章。

Traffic In Our City Needs Improvement

Directions: Read the following passage．Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage and the required words limit．

       Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart（购物手推车）．They will, in a lifetime, push the chrome-plated contraptions many miles．But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them．

       Sylvan N．Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937．At that time he was in the supermarket business．Every day he would see shoppers lugging（吃力地携带） groceries around in baskets they had to carry．

       One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels．The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business．

       On June 4, 1937, Goldman’s first carts were ready for use in his market．He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving．He couldn’t wait to see them using his invention．

       But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try．

       After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren’t using his carts．“Don’t you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?” one shopper replied．

       But Goldman wasn’t beaten yet．He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try．To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony（假冒的） customers．

       As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market．But not only did more people come—those who came bought more．With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before．

       Today’s shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman’s original model．Perhaps that’s one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the coming of the shopping cart．

1．What do the underlined words “chrome-plate contraptions” in Paragraph 1 refer to?（No more than 3 words）

2．What was the purpose of Goldman’s invention? （No more than 8 words）

3．Why was Goldman disappointed at first? （No more than 8 words）

4．Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around his market? （No more than 10 words）

       Batteries can power anything from small sensors to large systems．While scientists are finding ways to make them smaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries are much larger and heavier than the devices themselves．University of Missouri（MU） researchers are developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter and more efficient．

       “To provide enough power, we need certain methods with high energy density（密度）”，said Jae Kwon, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at MU．“The radioisotope（放射性同位素） battery can provide power density that is much higher than chemical batteries．”

       Kwon and his research team have been working on building a small nuclear battery, presently the size and thickness of a penny, intended to power various micro / nanoelectromechanical systems （M/NEMS）．Although nuclear batteries can cause concerns, Kwon said they are safe．

       “People hear the word ‘nuclear’ and think of something very dangerous,” he said, “However, nuclear power sources have already been safely powering a variety of devices, such as pace-makers, space satellites and underwater systems．”

       His new idea is not only in the battery’s size, but also in its semiconductor（半导体）．Kwon’s battery uses a liquid semiconductor rather than a solid semiconductor．

       “The key part of using a radioactive battery is that when you harvest the energy, part of the radiation energy can damage the lattice structure（晶体结构） of the solid semiconductor,” Kwon said, “By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem．”

Together with J．David Robertson, chemistry professor and associate director of the MU Research Reactor, Kwon is working to build and test the battery．In the future, they hope to increase the battery’s power, shrink its size and try with various other materials．Kwon said that battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair．

1．Which of the following is true of Jae Kwon?

       A．He teaches chemistry at MU．

       B．He developed a chemical battery．

       C．He is working on a nuclear energy source．

       D．He made a breakthrough in computer engineering．

2．Jae Kwon gave examples in Paragraph 4_________．

       A．to show chemical batteries are widely applied.

       B．to introduce nuclear batteries can be safely used．

       C．to describe a nuclear-powered system．

       D．to introduce various energy sources．

3．Liquid semiconductor is used to _________．

       A．get rid of the radioactive waste

       B．test the power of nuclear batteries．

       C．decrease the size of nuclear batteries

       D．reduce the damage to lattice structure．

4．According to Jae Kwon, his nuclear battery _______．

       A．uses a solid semiconductor

       B．will soon replace the present ones．

       C．could be extremely thin

       D．has passed the final test．

5．The text is most probably a ________．

       A．science news report                           B．book review

       C．newspaper ad                                   D．science fiction story

       Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling．Recycling in the home is very important of course．However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need．We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place．

       The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005．It now makes up a third of a typical household’s waste in the UK．In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard．

       Too much packaging is doing serious damage to the environment．The UK, for example, is running out of it for carrying this unnecessary waste．If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect．Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy．The solution is not to produce such items in the first place．Food waste is a serious problem, too．Too many supermarkets encourage customers to buy more than they need. However, a few of them are coming round to the idea that this cannot continue, encouraging customers to reuse their plastic bags, for example．

       But this is not just about supermarkets．It is about all of us．We have learned to associate packaging with quality．We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality．This is especially true of food. But is also applies to a wide range of consumer products, which often have far more packaging than necessary．

       There are signs of hope．As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realize just how much unnecessary materials are collecting．We need to face the wastefulness of our consumer culture, but we have a mountain to climb．

1．What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to?

       A．Using too much packaging．

       B．Recycling too many wastes．

       C．Making more products than necessary．

       D．Having more material than is needed．

2．The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show _______．

       A．the tendency of cutting household waste

       B．the increase of packaging recycling

       C．the rapid growth of super markets

       D．the fact of packaging overuse

3．According to the text, recycling ______．

       A．helps control the greenhouse effect

       B．means burning packaging for energy

       C．is the solution to gas shortage

       D．leads to a waste of land

4．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?

       A．Unpackaged products are of bad quality．

       B．Supermarkets care more about packaging．

       C．It is improper to judge quality by packaging．

       D．Other products are better packaged than food．

5．What can we learn from the last paragraph?

       A．Fighting wastefulness is difficult．

       B．Needless material is mostly recycled．

       C．People like collecting recyclable waste．

       D．The author is proud of their consumer culture．

       I am a writer．I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the way it can evoke（唤起） an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth．Language is the tool of my trade．And I use them all—all the Englishes I grew up with．

       Born into a Chinese family that had recently arrived in California, I’ve been giving more thought to the kind of English my mother speaks．Like others, I have described it to people as “broken” English．But feel embarrassed to say that．It has always bothered me that I can think of no way to describe it other than “broken”, as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness．I’ve heard other terms used, “limited English,” for example．But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including people’s perceptions（认识）of the limited English speaker．

       I know this for a fact, because when I was growing up, my mother’s “limited” English limited my perception of her．I was ashamed of her English．I believed that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say．That is ,because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect．And I had plenty of evidence to support me: the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her．

       I started writing fiction in 1985．And for reasons I won’t get into today, I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as “broken”, and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal（内在的） language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure: I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show; her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts．

1．By saying “Language is the tool of my trade”, the author means that ______．

       A．she uses English in foreign trade            B．she is fascinated by languages

       C．she works as a translator                      D．she is a writer by profession

2．The author used to think of her mother’s English as ______．

       A．impolite             B．amusing              C．imperfect          D．practical

3．Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?

       A．Americans do not understand broken English．

       B．The author’s mother was not respected sometimes．

       C．The author’ mother had positive influence on her．

       D．Broken English always reflects imperfect thoughts．

4．The author gradually realizes her mother’s English is _____．

       A．well structured                                  B．in the old style

       C．easy to translate                                D．rich in meaning

5．What is the passage mainly about?

       A．The changes of the author’s attitude to her mother’s English．

       B．The limitation of the author’s perception of her mother．

       C．The author’s misunderstanding of “limited” English．

       D．The author’s experiences of using broken English．