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Linguistic（语言学的） Puzzles

       How did language begin? What was the world's first language? Do all languages come from one, original language?   1  .

       In the 4th century BC, the Greek historian Herodotus wrote this account: Psamtik I an Egyptian King, wanted to find out what the oldest language in the world was．  2  ．He told his servant to find two newborn babies．When the servant had found them, the king gave them to a shepherd （牧羊人） and said, "Keep these babies with the goats．Take care of them, but do not talk to them．Listen for any words that they say．" The king wanted to find out what language the children would speak if they were left alone．He said, "The first words they speak will come from the original language of the world．"

       _3   ． He told the king．who asked his scholars about this word．They told him that the Phiygians, who lived in an area which is now Turkey, called bread "becos．" The king said, "Then Phiygian is the oldest language．" Today we know that the king's conclusion was wrong．We don't know why the children said "becos"．

          4 . Scholars discovered that many European and southern Asian languages belonged to the same "family" and that they started from the same parent language, Proto-Indo-European．Linguists think that it had split into several different languages, including Greek and Sanskrit, between 2000 and 1000 BC．Other languages, such as English and Spanish, developed from later splits．

       5_  . Two questions that interest linguists are: How does language change? Why does language change? If you like solving mysteries, historical linguistics may be the job for you．

A．Nowadays, we study the origin of language more scientifically

B．He was talking about this problem with his scholars when he had an idea

C．The King was very kind to his servant and his servant remained royal to him

D．Linguists are the scholars who are very interested in categorizing the language families

E．People have been trying to find the answers to these questions for more than 2 ,000 years

F．One day, while the babies were babbling to each other, the shepherd heard them say "becos"

G．Linguists have classified many language families, and they are still trying to categorize others

The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Nino—the warm ocean How that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America has excited researchers．Jacob jerkins pointed out years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial （赤道附近的） Pacific．Nevertheless, before the creation of the models, no one could explain why conditions should regularly change between appearances of the warm El Nino and the so-called anti-El Nino．The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct, is to be found in the ocean．

       It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific and winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east．The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the east, send a signal to the west lowering sea level at the same time．According to the model, that signal is created as a negative （负的） Rossby wave, a wave of lower sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day．Taking months to move across the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains．

       When the waves meet the western boundary, they are reflected, and the model predicts that Rossby waves will be broken into many coastal Kelvin waves carrying the same negative sea-level signal．These eventually shoot toward the equator, and then head eastward along the equator drove by the earth at a．speed of about．250 kilometers per day．When enough Kelvin waves of adequate amplitude （振幅） arrive from the western Pacific, their negative sea-level signal overcomes the feedback mechanism, raising the sea level, and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode．This produces a gradual change in winds, one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward, waves that will eventually return as cold cycle—ending positive Kelvin waves beginning another warming cycle．

1．What is the passage mainly about?

       A．How Rossby waves are found．

       B．Where El Nino is formed．

       C．What the models predict．

       D．How the models work．

2．Where does El Nino often appear?

       A．Along the western coast of the USA.

       B．In the Pacific in the south, of the equator．

       C．In the Pacific in the north of the equator．

       D．Along the southern coast of South America．

3．What is right according to the passage?

       A．Rossby waves and Kelvin waves move in opposite directions along the equator．

       B．People could explain El Nino before the creation of the mathematical models．

       C．Adequate sea-level waves can produce westward positive cold cycle．

       D．The speed of Rossby waves is faster than that of Kelvin waves．

4．What does the underlined word "waves" in Paragraph 3 refer to?

       A．Kelvin waves．  B．Sea-level signals．  C．Coastal waves．  D．Rossby waves．

In today's fast paced, high stress world people are working longer hours than ever, and often exhaust themselves at．day's end in front, of the television to relax enough to begin again in the morning．However, television watching, for most people, does not really lower stress．Studies show that TV viewing more than an hour or so actually creates stress and, especially in women, may lead to the blues．Most individuals are unaware that doing some exercise after work makes them more energetic since it increases energy levels．

       Wise use of free time does not mean getting an advanced degree, although the mental encouragement gained through education is unbeatable in keeping your mind active．Learning new things nearly always adds a spark to your daily life, especially if it is a favorite topic, such as sport, fashion, or art．Also, look through your bookstore or library to find books on your interests．Try to replace a half hour TV watching with reading．

       Its reported that in the United States recently, many individuals have as few as two good friends．Long work hours and car commute act to separate people from each other．This separation is deadly．Find ways to meet people at the end of the day and on weekends．Often this can be best done by combining activities, such as by joining a walking group to get both exercise and companionship．Taking a class will lift your spirits and allow you to meet others with similar interests．Hobbies are great for reducing stress and provide another opportunity for social interaction．

       Using your free time to aid your health may include these elements and many more, such as going to concerts and spending time with family．Overall, the key is to spend less free time being passive．The best ways to use free time are to be mentally and physically active, spend some time outdoors, and interact with other people on a regular basis．

1．What can we learn from the passage?

       A．Watching television may cause women to feel depressed．

       B．Finding interests and hobbies in common means taking a class．

       C．Going to concerts is the best way to make you mentally active．

       D．Getting an advanced degree in education always lights up your life．

2．What does the underlined word "commute" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

       A．The arrangement to work every day．   B．The journey to work every day．

       C．The communication between people．   D．The separation between people．

3．Which would be the best title for the passage?

       A．Live a Happy and Healthy Life             B．Relax Yourself in Various Ways

       C．Spend Your Free Time Wisely               D．Interact With Others Outdoors

The Hearst Castle

       Hearst Castle is a palatial park on the central California coast and a National Historic Landmark．It was designed by architect Julia Morgan for William Randolph Hearst from 1919 until 1947．In 1957 , the Hearst Coiporation donated the fortune to the state of California．Since that time it has been maintained as a state historic park where the estate and its considerable collection of art and antiques are open for public tours．Despite its location far from any urban center, the site attracts roughly one million visitors per year．

Guided Tours

       There are several tours which highlight various parts of the castle and gardens．

●Tour One is recommended for first time visitor．It now includes the movie, Hearst Castle Building the Dream．

●Tour Two gives visitors a closer look at the main house's upper floors, Mr. Hearst's private suite, the libraries, and the kitchen．

●Tour Three looks at the Castle's North Wing, guest rooms and guest house Casa Del Monte．

●Tour Four features the impressive gardens and grounds, the largest guesthouse, the wine basement, and the Hidden Terrace．

●The evening tour is a special tour that allows visitors to experience the Castle at night as one of the Hearst's own visitors might have．

Ticket Prices

       Hearst Castle accepts VISA, MasterCard, American Express and Discover．Free day use parking is available for automobiles, motorcycles, tour buses and recreational vehicles．

       * Children under 6 are free when accompanied by a paying adult．

Reservation Information

       While tickets may be purchased at the Visitor Center upon arrival, tour reservations are strongly recommended and may be reserved online now or by calling 1 - 800 - 444 - 4445, see below for times．

       Visit www. Hearstcastle. org for more information．

1．Who does the Hearst Castle belong to at present?

       A．William Randolph Hearst．                   B．Julia Morgan．

       C．The state of California．                      D．The Hearst Corporation．

2．If you are quite interested in wine, which tour will you choose?

       A．Tour One．                                    B．Tour Two．

       C．Tour Three．                                 D．Tour Four．

3．If a young couple take Tour One with their 5-year-old son, how much will they pay for the tickets?

       A．36．                   B．60．                  C．48．                  D．75．

4．Which of the following is the available time to book tickets by phone?

       A．At 8 AM on Monday in February．        B．At 9 AM on Sunday in March．

       C．At 7 PM on Friday in September．        D．At 6 PM on Saturday in October．

As a young man, Al was a skilled artist．He had a wife and two fine sons．One night, his  oldest son developed a severe stomachache．Thinking it was only some   1  intestinal （肠内的）disorder, neither Al nor his wife took the condition very seriously．But the boy   2   suddenly that night．

       Knowing the death could have been   3   if he had only realized the seriousness of the situation, Al's emotional health became worse under the huge burden of his   4     To make matters worse his wile   5  him a short time later, leaving him alone with his six-year-old younger son．The hurt and pain of the two   6   were more than Al could handle, and he   7   to alcohol．In time Al became an alcoholic．

       8___ the alcoholism progressed, Al began to lose everything he   9   — his home, his land, his art objects, everything．  10   Al died alone in a San Francisco motel room．

       When I heard of Al's death, I thought that Al's life was a complete   11 ．

       As time went by, I began to re-evaluate my earlier judgment．I knew Al's now   12   son, Ernie．He is one of the kindest, most caring, most loving men I have ever known．I watched Ernie with his children and saw the free   13   of love between them．I knew that kindness and caring had to come from somewhere．

       I hadn't heard Ernie talk much about his  14__．One day I worked __15_ my courage to ask him．"I'm really _16__ by something," I said．"I know your father was  17   _ the only one to raise you．What on earth did he do that you became such a special person?"

       Ernie sat quietly and _18_ for a few moments．Then he said, "From my earliest _19_ as a child until I left home at 18, Al came into my room every night, gave me a kiss and said, ' I love you, son．' "

       Tears came to my eyes as I realized what a fool I had been to __20_ Al as a failure．He had not left any material possessions behind．But he had been a kind loving father, and he left behind one of the finest, most giving men I have ever known．

1．A．certain                 B．common       C．rare                   D．basic

2．A．died                    B．choked          C．starved            D．worsened

3．A．cured                  B．prevented        C．forbidden          D．saved

4．A．disease            B．debt           C．guilt                 D．duty

5．A．left                  B．scolded        C．quarreled            D．forgave

6．A．disasters          B．adventures                                      C．conflicts           D．situations

7．A．got                B．drank          C．turned               D．sank

8．A．As               B．Though        C．Because              D．If

9．A．needed            B．shared         C．benefited           D．possessed

10．A．Eventually        B．Gradually        C．Therefore          D．Meanwhile

11．A．trouble              B．hardship            C．failure            D．waste

12．A．teen             B．adult             C．aged               D．adolescent

13．A．win           B．fall                    C．space               D．flow

14．A．mother          B．brother               C．father                 D．child

15．A．up                B．with                  C．on                D．through

16．A．worried        B．puzzled              C．interested           D．attracted

17．A．especially        B．basically             C．merely              D．specially

18．A．argued         B．searched             C．analyzed            D．reflected

19．A．thoughts       B．ideas                C．minds            D．memories

20．A．treat           B．call                  C．judge               D．feel