Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.

Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.

The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.

Ten healthy volunteers(志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.

The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.

The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神经活动), which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.

21. According to Professor Barnes, theobromine ______.

A. cannot be as effective as codeine

B. can be harmful to people’s health

C. cannot be separated from chocolate

D. can be a more effective cure for coughs

22. What was used in the experiment to cause coughing?

   A. Theobromine. B. Codeine.  C. Capsaicin.  D. Placebo.

23. We learn from the text that volunteers in the experiment _____.

   A. were patients with bad coughs

   B. were divided into the three groups

   C. received standard treatments

   D. suffered little side effects

24. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

   A. Codeine: A New Medicine        B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs

   C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case    D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs

A driver stopped his car on a street side to have a rest. As he lay down in the seat and closed his eyes, a person came up and knocked at the window to ask the time. The driver opened his eyes and looked at his watch. “It’s 8:05,” he said. Then he went to sleep again. But soon he was waken up again because a second person was knocking at the window. “Sir, do you know the time?” he asked. The driver looked at his watch, and told him it was half past eight.

In this way, the driver thought he could not have a good rest, so he wrote a short note and stuck(粘贴) it on the window for all to see. It said, “I don’t know the time.”

Again, he lay down in the seat for his sleep. A few minutes later, a third person came and began to knock at the window, “Hey, sir,” he said. “It’s 8:45.”

25．How long had the driver been there when the third person called him?

A. 40 minutes.      B. 25 minutes.

C. 50 minutes.     D. 70 minutes.

26．Why did the driver write a note and stick it on the window?

A. Because he didn’t know the time.

B. Because he didn’t want anybody to trouble him.

C. Because he needed somebody to wake him up.

D. Because he wanted somebody to tell him the time.

27．The third person knocked at the window to _____.

A. ask him the time

B.  ask him not to sleep

C. see if the driver was sleeping

D.  tell him what time it was

28．What do you think of the third person?

A. Cold-hearted.      B. Helpful.

C. Thankful.          D. Hopeful.

Do you know of anyone who uses the truth to deceive (欺骗) ? When someone tells you something that is true, but leaves out important information that should be included, he can give you a false picture.

For example , some might say, “I just won a hundred dollars on the lottery (彩票) . It was great. I took that dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one hundred dollars! ”

This guy is a winner , right?  Maybe , maybe not. We then discover that he bought  $200 worth of tickets, and only one was a winner. He’s really a big loser!

He didn’t say anything that was false, but he left out important information on purpose. That’s called a half-truth. Half-truths are not technically lies, but they are just as dishonest.

Some politicians often use this trick. Let’s say that during Governor Smith's last term, her state lost one million jobs and gained three million jobs. Then she seeks another term. One of her opponents says, “ During Governor Smith’s term, the state lost one million jobs !” That’s true. However, an honest statement would have been , “During Governor Smith’s term, the state had a net gain of two million jobs. ”

Advertisers will sometimes use half-truths. It’s against the law to make false statements, so they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say, “Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.” It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company.

This kind of deception happens too often. It’s a sad fact of life: Lies are lies, and sometimes the truth can lie as well.

29．We may infer that the author believes people should _______.

A. buy lottery tickets if possible

B. make use of half-truths

C. be careful about what they are told

D. not trust the Yucky Company

30．How many examples does the writer give to show how the truth is used to deceive?

A. one             B. Two              C. Three             D. Four

31．Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Using half truths is against the law.

B. Technically, half truths are in fact lies.

C. Yucky Pills is a very good medicine for toothache.

D. Governor Smith did a good job during her last term.

It is a familiar scene these days: employees taking newly laid-off co-workers out for a drink for comfort. But which side deserves sympathy more, the jobless or the still employed? On March 6, researchers at a conference at the University of Cambridge heard data suggesting it's the latter.

Brendan Burchell, a Cambridge sociologist, presented his analysis based on various surveys conducted across Europe. The data suggest that employed people who feel insecure in their jobs show similar levels of anxiety and depression as those who are unemployed. Although a newly jobless person's mental health may “bottom out" after about six months, and then even begin to improve, the mental state of people who are continuously worried about losing their job “just continues to get worse and worse", Burchell says.

Evolutionary psychologists support this theory by arguing that human beings feel more stress during times of insecurity because they sense an immediate but invisible threat. Patients have been known to experience higher levels of anxiety, for example, while waiting for examination results than knowing what they are suffering from—even if the result is cancer. It's better to get the bad news and start doing something about it rather than wait with anxiety. When the uncertainty continues, people stay in a nonstop “fight or flight" response, which leads to damaging stress.

But not every employee in insecure industries has such a discouraging view, Burchell says. In general, women get on better. While reporting higher levels of anxiety than men when directly questioned, women scored lower in stress on the GHQ 12, even when they had a job they felt insecure about losing. As Burchell explains, “For women, most studies show that any job—it doesn't matter whether it is secure or insecure—gives psychological improvement over unemployment. " Burchell supposes that the difference in men is that they tend to feel pressure not only to be employed, but also to be the primary breadwinner, and that more of a man's self-worth depends on his job.

32. Why do researchers think the still employed deserve sympathy more?

A. They have to do more work since then.

B. They have no chance to find better jobs.

C. They have to work with inexperienced workers.

D. They constantly worry about losing their jobs.

33. What is most likely to cause a “fight or flight" response?

A. Not having a paid job.

B. Fierce competition for jobs.

C. Not knowing what will happen.

D. Pressure to work longer hours.

34. What will the writer talk about following the last paragraph?

A. Advice on preparing a job interview.

B. Advice to those in insecure industries.

C. Some knowledge of psychology.

D. Difference in men and women.

35. What could be the best title for the text?

A. Is it less stressful to get laid off than stay on?

B. Should greater sympathy be given to the jobless?

C. Do employees bear more stress than ever before?

D. Do men or women show higher levels of anxiety?

Although most games have winners and losers, the goal of sports is not to win every game. The real goals include getting exercise, having fun, and learning important social skills, like sportsmanship.
    Good sportsmanship is all about respect. Good sports (具有运动家品格的人) respect the other players on their team. They respect the players on opposing teams. They respect coaches, and they also respect the referees or other officials involved in their games.  36  They yell at their teammates and they talk back to coaches or referees.
    Kids usually learn sportsmanship ─ good and bad ─ from the adults in their lives.   37  If parents and coaches show disrespect to other fans, referees, or each other, kids will likely act the same way on the field.
      38  Some of them are very basic and easy to do, like shaking hands with other players before a game. Other examples may take a little more courage, such as acknowledging a great play made by the opposing team.
    Learning good sportsmanship is important because it helps you develop an attitude of graciousness (礼貌) and respect that will carry over into all the other areas of your life!  39  Being a good sport in the classroom will eventually lead to being a good sport in the workplace.
    So be a good sport in whatever you do!  40  When others see you acting in a way that makes it clear that winning isn't the most important thing, you can move on to focusing on the important things, like having fun, getting exercise, and improving your skills.
  A. Good sportsmanship can be shown in many ways.
  B. On the contrary, bad sportsmanship is all about disrespect.
  C. The example you set can be a powerful teaching tool for others.
  D. Players 'parents and coaches set examples that kids tend to follow.
  E. We can be good sports by encouraging others but not laughing at them.
  F. Starting as a good sport earlier will help you be a good sport as you get old.
  G. If you're a good sport on the field, you'll also likely be a good sport in the classroom.