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1.

The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do the right thing at the right time. However, that is not the case, especially when it comes to instilling(逐步培养) proper behaviour in kids. Behaviour modification(BM) techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behaviour in children as well as adults.

Behaviour modification refers to establishing various appropriate behaviours in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired. Behaviour modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by BF. Skinner, an American behaviourist. These techniques are used in behaviour modification treatment that aims to correct and instill appropriate behaviour in children.

The commonly used behaviour modification techniques are positive reinforcement(强化), negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a proper behaviour that most desire through the process of rewarding it. This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs a desired behaviour. Negative reinforcement behavioural strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behaviour because the desired behaviour was performed. For example, letting a child not help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement. Punishment is something we all can relate to. Yes, it is just what it means. However, when put in words, punishment refers to subjecting(使服从于) an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behaviour.

The behaviour modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement. However, parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behaviour modification. Though the behaviour modification techniques lead to quick results, a parent should continuously try to cultivate(培养) in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such a behaviour is expected of him. This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent­child relationship. As a parent, don't make the reward a monetary one. Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward. A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.

Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behaviour modification in children, both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play. Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management, teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking, and continuous monitoring of a child's behaviour. It is true that there are various behaviour modification techniques available for encouraging proper behaviour in children. However, there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate(慈爱) environment.


Title: Techniques for Modifying Behaviour

(39)________ of BM

Establishing various appropriate behaviours and discouraging undesirable ones, aiming to correct and instill proper behaviour in individuals.

Types of BM techniques

Positive reinforcement: Reinforcing a (40)________ behaviour by means of rewarding it.

Negative reinforcement: (41)________ a negative consequence or a behaviour.

Punishment: Subjecting an individual to a negative condition (42)________ to an improper behaviour.

BM techniques

for children

For parents: Realizing these techniques are helpful in leading to quick results, but they are not totally (43)________.

Effective ways

Communicating (44)________ with children and focus more on child­parent relationship.

Making the reward more of a privilege rather than a reward.

Remembering to (45) ________ to the same technique and apply it whenever there is a chance.

For teachers: Realizing both parents and teachers have equally important roles.

Effective ways

Playing their role through classroom management designed for the (46) ________ of potential problems.

Teaching (47)________ skills needed in our society.

Monitoring children's behaviours continuously.

(48)________

Proper parenting and an affectionate environment play an irreplaceable role in encouraging proper behaviour in children.

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 39. Definition 40. desired/proper 41. Removing

42. due/owing/thanks 43. reliable/dependable

44. effectively 45. stick/ keep 46. prevention

47. problem­solving 48. Conclusion

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1.

1While adults need to eat breakfast each day to perform their best, kids need it even more Their growing bodies and developing brain rely heavily on the regular intake of food When kids skip breakfast , they can end up going for as long as eighteen hours without food This period of semi-starvation can create a lot of physical, intellectual, and behavioral problems for them

2If you and your kids regularly skip breakfast to save time or to get a few more minutes of sleep, remember that eating a healthy morning meal will probably save your time in the long run By recharging your brain and your body, you’ll be more efficient in just about everything you do

3Interestingly, studies show that kids who skip breakfast are late for and absent from school more often than children who eat breakfast on a regular basis Time invested in breakfast is much more valuable than the few extra minutes of sleep you might get by skipping the morning meal If you and your kids seem unable to make time for breakfast, consider enrolling your children in a school breakfast program If possible, pack a breakfast brown-bag the night before so that you and your kids can eat on the way to school and work

4Some people skip breakfast in an effort to lose weight, but actually it is more likely to cause weight gain rather than weight loss Skipping breakfast is strongly linked to the development of obesity According to research, skipping meals, especially breakfast, can actually make weight control _______________ Breakfast skippers tend to eat more food than usual at the next meal or eat high-calorie snacks to get rid of hunger

5To teens, especially teenage girls, skipping breakfast may seem like a perfect way to lose weight It’s important for moms to educate their kids about the importance of the morning meal and role it plays in maintaining good health and preventing obesity

76 What is mainly discussed in the passage? no more than 6 words

_______________________________________________________________________________

77 Complete the following statement with proper words no more than 3 words

   Sparing some time ______________ is more beneficial to you than skipping it for more sleep

78 List three reasons why many kids and adults skip breakfast no more than 10 words

_______________________________________________________________________________

79Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words no more than 4 words

 _______________________________________________________________________________

80 What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph probably refer to? no more than 3 words

_______________________________________________________________________________

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1.

第一节 阅读表达(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)

[1] Hurt may occur at any time in our daily life, and forgiving someone who has hurt you or let you down is never an easy thingSeveral new studies, however, say that  it could have a lot of health benefitsWhen you think of forgiveness, you probably don’t think of it as being a health or medical problemStudies from Stanford University, on the other hand, show that something like anger can ________.

[2] When cartoon book characters like the Incredible Hulk get angry, they change colors and often gain special powerIn the real world, anger is less obvious and may be more dangerous. That’s why Professor Fred Luskin, founder of the Stanford Forgiveness for Good, says being angry can harm your physical and mental health. Two new studies seem to show the same idea.

[3] The studies find that people who are able to forgive feel less stress, less back pain, and less depression. They also have fewer headache, lower blood pressure, and fewer problems on sleeping.

[4] So it doesn’t matter if your anger is caused by the traffic or other thingsLearning to let it go is important. Techniques such as deep breath or thought can help. Or just ask yourself if it’s worth hurting yourself by staying angry with someone else.

[5] Forgiveness does not mean that you simply accept what happened and say it’s OK. Instead, it’s a way of making peace with yourself about what happened in the past.

76What is the main idea of the passage? ( no more than 10 words )

   ________________________________________________________________________________

77Complete the following statement with proper words( no more than 4 words )

   It is proved that people who _________ are more relaxed and healthy.

78Fill in the blank in Paragraph 1 with proper words( no more than 4 words )

  _______________________________________________________________________________

79Why doesn’t it matter if your anger is caused by the traffic or other things? ( no more than 15 words )

_____________________________________________________________________________

80What does the underlined word “it” (paragraph 1) probably refer to?( no more than 4 words )

  ________________________________________________________________________________

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1.

第一节 阅读表达(5小题;每小题2分,满分10)

阅读下面的短文,并根据短文后的要求答题(请注意问题后的字数要求)

[1] Many students find it hard to make friends when they are in high school. Keeping my suggestions in mind may give you a hand. They certainly helped me, and by the end of my three years of high school I had formed my group of friends, with whom I still keep in touch now.

[2] Here are my tips

[3] Say hello anytime I see an acquaintance(相识的人)

Because I was always smiling and greeting the people I knew, people naturally thought I was friendly(though I am not naturally sociable). And high school students want to be friends with sociable people.

[4] Take the first step.

All the girls there already knew each other—they didn't need another friend. But I did, so I had to make the effort. I had to be the first one to invite somebody to go to a movie with meor come to my house. Once I did that they started to respond(回应)with the same thing.

[5] Use classes to get to know people.

I met most of my first friends because I sat next to them in class. Class (before, after, or even during class time)is a great opportunity to begin a conversation. For example, ask for help about homework.

[6] Make friends slowly.

I couldn't get discouraged when it took a while to make friends. It really takes some time to make new friends. In a word, ________.

[7] Above all, remember that it can and will get better. You may have to work a little to make your high school experience a great onebut it' s really worth(值得) it!

76For what purpose does the writer write this passage? (no more than 15 words)

__________________________________________________________________           ______ 

77Complete the following statement with proper words. (no more than 5 words) 

I ________  because of my friendly attitude towards others.

78Fill in the blank in Paragraph 6 with a suitable sentence. (no more than 10 words)

________________________________________________________________________            

79Why does the writer give the tip to use classes to get to know people? (no more than 20 words)

________________________________________________________________________           

80What does the word they (line 2, paragraph 1) probably refer to? (no more than 10 words)

________________________________________________________________________            

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1.

阅读下面的短文,并根据短文后面的要求答题(请注意问题后的词数要求)。

Although many Chinese students say they have a good knowledge of English grammar, most would admit that their spoken English is poor. Whenever I speak to Chinese students, they always say, “My spoken English is poor.” However, their spoken English does not have to remain poor! I would suggest that there may be some reasons for their problems with spoken English.

Fist, they fail to find suitable words to express themselves due to limited vocabulary. Obviously the better answer is to expand their vocabulary. However, you can speak with a limited vocabulary if your attitude is positive. Others will follow you as long as you use the words that you know.

Second, they are afraid of _____________. Sometimes they make mistakes when they are speaking because they are shy and nervous. Yet students should remember that their goal should be FLUENCY NOT ACCURACY. You want to get your message across, to talk to someone in English, as quickly and as well as you can, even though sometimes you may use a wrong word or tense, but it doesn’t matter because the person you are speaking to will understand you and make allowances for you.

Third, no enough attention is paid to listening. You have one mouth but two ears! All that is heard is necessary for you to start speaking.

Fourth, most Chinese students are inactive rather than proactive language learners. Instead of actively seeking out opportunities to improve their spoken English, they passively wait for speaking opportunities to come to them and wonder why their spoken English always remains poor. If you have this proactive outlook, then you will see English opportunities wherever you go.

76.What’s the best title of the passage?(no more than 10 words)

____________________________________________________________________

77.Complete the following statement with proper words.(no more than 2 words)

   They don’t know how to express their meaning properly because of ___________.

78.Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with proper words.(no more than 3 words)

_________________________________________________________________________________

79.Which reason benefits you most? Why?(no more than 30 words)

__________________________________________________________________________________

80.What does the word “they”(line 2, paragraph 5) probably refer to?(no more than 3 words)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

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1.

阅读表达

阅读下面短文,用英语简要回答文后所给的5个问题。

Today, due to numerous medical and scientific advances, people are living longer than ever before. But you have to be good to your body, mind, and soul. The following tips are a good start for getting you on your way to living a long and healthy life. Eat a balanced diet -- one that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fiber and low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol. A well-balanced diet can provide your body with the essential nutrients needed to achieve and maintain optimum (最佳的) health.

Be physically active -- try to incorporate 30 minutes of activity into your day, every day. The options are endless; start walking on the beach in the mornings, try jogging with a friend, or go for a bike ride in the afternoons. Make sure you choose activities that you enjoy, that way you'll be more likely to make them a habit. Get regular preventive check-ups --see your doctor regularly; remember your doctor is your partner in health care. By having regular check-ups, you may be able to catch small problems before they become big ones. Be safe -- use common sense and be streetsmart (适应都市生活的). Don't put yourself in situations that are questionable. Always wear your seatbelt and bike helmet. Don't go for a run, walk, or jog at night by yourself. Keep your home well lit and free of things that could make you fall. Stay in touch with family and friends -- get to know your neighbors. Take the time to be involved with your community. By creating a strong social network, you will not only have friends to celebrate with when good things happen, but also a support system in difficult times. Keep a positive attitude -- studies have shown that people who have a positive attitude tend to live longer, and lead healthier and happier lives. Try to find the humor in life. And remember to laugh.

1. What would be the best title for the passage?  (No more than 10 words.)   ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. Please explain the underlined word “tips” in English (No more than 5 words)   ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why do we need to get regular check-ups? ( No more than 10 words.) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What should you pay attention to when doing activities? ( No more than 15 words.)  ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What should you do to keep a positive attitude? ( No more than 10 words.) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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