阅读下列句子,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的适当形式。
1.The mother ___________(upset) to find her daughter hadn’t come back yet.
2.While __________(wait) for the bus, I found a poster on the wall.
3.The student got up so late that she had to go to class __________ breakfast.
4.It is the first time that he __________(climb) a mountain alone.
5.The teacher was angry because the boy broke the glass __________ purpose.
6.He kept regular exercise and his health was improved __________(gradual).
7.Discuss in groups and tell _________ use the people make of the river.
8.They met in an old house_________ roof had been damaged by the storm.
9.Many people think that the British speak the standard English. _________, it is not the fact.
10.Most people prefer traveling to other places to __________(stay) at home.
11.This is the very book ______ has good maps showing details of world geography.
12.The two men talked happily __________ if they were close friends.
13.Many houses ________(destroy) and the people didn’t know where to stay for the night.
14.His friend wrote an e-mail to express her __________(congratulation) on his success.
15.After __________(graduate) from college, they found time to carry out their traveling plan.
1.was upset
2.waiting
3.without
4.has climbed
5.on
6.gradually
7.what
8.whose
9.However
10.staying
11.that
12.as
13.were destroyed
14.congratulations
15.graduating
【分析】
1.考查时态和形容词。句意:母亲发现女儿还没回来,很不安。upset是形容词,意为“难过的,不安的”;分析句子结构,此处应该是句子的谓语,用be upset构成“系表结构”;根据句子后半句的时态hadn’t come back可知,是叙述过去的情况,因此用一般过去时;主语the mother是单数,故填was upset。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意:在等公共汽车的时候,我在墙上发现了一张海报。wait和其逻辑主语也就是句子的主语I之间是主动关系;根据句意,应为“while I was waiting for the bus”, 因此用现在分词。故填waiting。
3.考查介词。句意:这个学生起得太晚了,以至于她不得不没吃早饭就去上课。根据句意,应为“没吃早饭就去上课”;without 是介词,意为“没有”。故填without。
4.考查时态。句意:这是他第一次独自去爬山。固定句式It is the first / second time that…意为“这是第一/二次做…”,that后的从句要用现在完成时;从句的主语是he,谓语动词用单数。故填has climbed。
5.考查固定短语。句意:老师很生气,因为那个男孩故意打破了玻璃。短语on purpose 意为“故意地”,故填on。
6.考查副词。句意:他经常锻炼身体,健康状况逐渐好转。修饰谓语动词was improved,应用副词,故填gradually。
7.考查从属连词。句意:分组讨论,然后说出人们是如何利用这条河流的。分析句子结构,所填词是tell后宾语从句的引导词;短语make use of “利用”;此处填what 引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,意为“什么”;“what use the people make of the river”意为“人们利用这条河的什么用途”。故填what。
8.考查定语从句。句意:他们在一所旧房子里相遇,房子的屋顶被暴风雨破坏了。分析句子结构,空格后是定语从句,先行词是an old house,根据句意,应为“the roof of the house”,因此用whose引导定语从句,在从句中作定语,意为“……的”。故填whose。
9.考查连词。句意:许多人认为英国人说的是标准英语。然而,事实不是这样的。根据句意,前一句说“很多人认为…”,后一句说“事实不是这样的”,前后是转折关系;空格后有逗号,因此用however表示转折。故填However。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意:大多数人喜欢去其他地方旅行,而不是呆在家里。短语prefer …to...“喜欢…而不喜欢,宁愿…而不愿”,后面接并列结构,前面prefer后是动名词,因此to后也应是动名词,故填staying。
11.考查定语从句。句意:这就是那本书,里面有很好的地图,可以显示世界地理的细节。在定语从句中先行词被the very 修饰时,在从句中作主语,用that引导定语从句。故填that。
12.考查状语从句。句意:这两个人愉快地交谈,好像他们是亲密的朋友。根据句意,此处用as if 引导方式状语从句,意为“好像”。 故填as。
13.考查时态和语态。句意:许多房屋被毁,人们不知道在哪里过夜。句子主语many houses和destroy之间构成动宾关系,应用被动语态;根据后半句的时态didn’t know可知是叙述过去的事情,因此用一般过去时的被动语态;主语many houses是复数,故填were destroyed。
14.考查名词。句意:他的朋友写了一封电子邮件来表达对他成功的祝贺。名词congratulation表示“祝贺”,通常用复数形式;短语congratulations(to sb. ) on …“ 祝贺(某人)….”。故填congratulations。
15.考查非谓语动词。句意:大学毕业后,他们找出时间去完成他们的旅行计划。graduate和其逻辑主语也就是句子的主语they之间是主动关系;根据句意,应为“After they graduated from college”,因此用现在分词。故填graduating。
【点睛】
状语从句的省略
1.当从句的主语是it, 且谓语动词是be或包含be的某种形式时, it和be常可同时省略。如:
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。
You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。
2.当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,从句可以省略主语;如果从句的谓语动词和主句的主语之间为主动关系,用现在分词;如果从句的谓语动词和主句的主语之间为被动关系,用过去分词。如:
After taking the medicine, she felt much better. (=After she took the medicine,…)
吃下药之后她感觉好多了。
When asked why he was late, he said he missed the train.( =When he was asked why he was late,…)
当问他为什么迟到时,他说他错过了火车。
如本题第10小题,从句的动词graduate的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致,并且和句子主语they之间是主动关系,因此状语从句的省略形式用现在分词。
3.当从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,若从句的谓语动词是系动词be或包含be的某种形式,此时从句的主语和be动词通常可以一同省略。如:
(1)连词+形容词
Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。
She hurried out of the room, as if (she was) angry. 她匆忙地出了房间,好像很生气的样子。
(2)连词+名词
He could write poems when (he was) yet a child. 他还是个孩子的时候就会写诗了。
(3)连词+现在分词
While (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。
The boy is running impatiently here and there as if (he is) searching for something lost on the sports ground. 这男孩很不耐烦地在操场上到处跑着,好像在找什么东西。
(4)连词+过去分词
Unless (he was ) asked, he wouldn’t tell the truth. 除非问他,否则他不会说实话的。
(5)连词+不定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。
He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。
(6)连词+介词短语
She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。
He came across one of his friends while (he was) on a visit to New York. 当他去纽约的时候,他偶然遇到一个朋友。
介词和介词短语的概念:
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。
误用介词的三种情况:
1、多用介词:
多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词,也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错:
误:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。
误:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?
误:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。
误:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。
误:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?
误:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。
误:Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?
误:He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。
2、漏用介词:
漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词,或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等:
误:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。
误:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。
误:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接着讲故事。
误:My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。
误:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。
误:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。
3、错用介词:
错用介词的情况比较复杂,可能是因受汉语意思的而错,也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错,可能是混淆用法而错,也可能是受相关结构的影响而错,可能是忽略语境而错,也可能是想当然的用错:
误:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地点)
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。
误:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。
误:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
误:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下,我及时做完了。
误:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。
误:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。
误:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。
介词的宾语:
1、名词或代词作介词宾语:
如:Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。
注:若是人称代词用作介词宾语,要注意用宾格。
如:No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、动名词作介词宾语:
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。
In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
3、过去分词作介词宾语:
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。
I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。
注:过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构,第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下,介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语,若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动),可换用“being+过去分词”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
4、从句作介词宾语:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。
I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。
注:介词后通常不接that从句,遇此情况需考虑用其他结构:
误:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。
但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。
比较:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介词宾语:
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。
He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。
He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视,他从不干任何事。
注:(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,其区别是:若其前出现了动词do,其后的不定式通常不带to;
若其前没有出现动词do,则其后的不定式通常带to。
(2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语,但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构:
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。
6、形容词作介词宾语:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。
In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之,我们要有准备。
Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。
注:(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。
His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。
(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,无省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特别地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 简言之;in short总之,简言之; in vain徒然地,徒劳无益地;for fee免费地,无偿地; for certain肯定地,确切地;for sure肯定地,确切地; for short为了简短,简称;atl arge自由自在地,逍遥法外; by far…得多
7、副词作介词宾语:
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。
It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。
I looked every where except there. 除了那儿,我到处都看过了。
8、数词作介词宾语:
如:The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。
He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介词短语作介词宾语:
如:Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。
注:通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比较:I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。
10、复合结构用作介词宾语:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
介词短语的句法功能:
1、表语:
如:He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。
Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。
This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
注:有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语,不用作表语:
误:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),becauseof引出的短语可用作表语:
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
2、状语:
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。
Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的?
3、定语:
如:This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。
This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。
My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
4、宾语补足语:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。
Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注:用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语:
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、宾语:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。
He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
6、主语:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。
After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。
注:介词短语通常不用作主语,尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语,但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面?
—On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。
此句中onTuesday虽用作主语,但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.
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