Many people think that positive thinking is mostly about keeping one's head in the sand and ignoring daily problems, trying to look optimistic. In reality it has more to do with the way an individual talks to himself. Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself.46.Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue. People who regularly practise positive thinking tend to solve problems more effectively. They are less exposed to stress caused by external factors. They tend to believe in themselves and in what they do.
47.People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans, lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships.48.For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer against depression and anxiety. Resilient people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress.49.
In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem.50.
Thinking in a positive, self-encouraging way brings about many benefits to one's physical and mental health.
A.It doesn't cause any severe emotional discomfort, either.
B.Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.
C.It helps one to remain clear-headed and confident in difficult situations.
D.Positive thinking has several beneficial effects on the body and the mind.
E.As thinking changes, an individual's behaviour and habits change as well.
F.They often offer a real alternative to the common and regular way of thinking.
G.They often feel discouraged long before trying to solve the problem, even if small.
46.B
47.D
48.C
49.G
50.A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了积极思考对人产生的各种益处,同时将积极思考者与悲观主义者相比较,分析两种人的差异。积极思维是应对困难时期和提高个人生活质量的强大而有效的工具。
46.根据上文“Self-talk is a constant stream of thoughts of a person, who is often unaware and uncertain of some events, phenomena, people, or even the person himself.(自我对话是一个人持续不断的想法,他常常对一些事件、现象、人,甚至是他自己都没有意识和不确定)”以及后文“Meanwhile, positive thinking can help to stop negative self-talks and start to form a positive view on an issue.(同时,积极的思考可以帮助停止消极的自我对话,开始形成对一个问题的积极的观点)”由此可知,上文对自我对话进行了定义,后文则提到了积极的思考可以有助于停止消极的自我对话,可知本句是在说明消极的自我对话对人的不良影响。后文中negative self-talks可对应到B选项中Negative self-talk。故B选项“消极的自言自语会损害自信,降低自尊”符合语境,故选B。
47.根据后文“People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans, lower rates of depression and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems. Positive thinking also contributes to one's ability to deal with problems and hardships.(积极思考的人寿命更长,抑郁和焦虑率更低,身心更健康,死于心脏问题的风险更低。积极的思考也有助于一个人处理问题和困难的能力)”由此可知,后文提到了积极思考对人的益处,后文中People who think positively以及Positive thinking可对应到D选项中Positive thinking。故D选项“积极思考对身心有几个有益的影响”符合语境,故选D。
48.根据后文“For example, researchers have found that in the case of a crisis accompanied by strong emotions, such as a natural disaster, positive thinking can provide a sort of buffer against depression and anxiety.(例如,研究人员发现,当危机伴随着强烈的情绪时,比如自然灾害,积极的思考可以为抑郁和焦虑提供一种缓冲)”可知,后文举出的例子说明了积极思考可以让一个人在面临危机时,保持冷静。故C选项“它帮助一个人在困难的情况下保持头脑清醒和自信”符合语境,故选C。
49.根据上文“Resilient people who think positively tend to treat every problem as a challenge, a chance for improvement of any kind, or as an opportunity for personal growth. Pessimists, on the contrary, tend to perceive problems as a source of additional stress.(积极思考的、有韧性的人倾向于把每一个问题都看作是一个挑战,一个改进的机会,或者一个个人成长的机会。相反,悲观主义者倾向于将问题视为额外压力的来源)可知,上文在将积极思考者与悲观主义者相比较,本句应承接上文,进一步解释说明悲观主义者在解决问题时一些性格特点。上文Pessimists可对应到G选项中They。故G选项“他们常常在试图解决问题之前就感到气馁,即使是很小的问题”符合语境,故选G。
50.根据上文“In conclusion, positive thinking is a powerful and effective tool for dealing with hard times and improving the quality of one's life. It doesn't have anything to do with ignorant optimism when an individual refuses to notice a problem. (总之,积极思考是应对困难时期和提高个人生活质量的强大而有效的工具。当一个人拒绝注意到一个问题时,它与无知的乐观主义没有任何关系)”可知,本句承接上文进一步说明一个人拒绝注意到问题的影响,它与无知的乐观主义没有任何关系,也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适。故A选项“它也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适”符合语境,故选A。
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填1个单词。
Feeling extreme loneliness can increase an older person’s risk of premature (过早的)death by 14 percent, according to research by John Cacioppo, professor of psychology at the University of Chicago.
Cacioppo and his colleagues’ work shows that the impact of loneliness on premature death is nearly as strong as the impact of disadvantaged socioeconomic status, which they found increases the chances of dying early by 19 percent. A 2010 meta﹣analysis showed that loneliness has twice as much impact on early death as obesity does, he said.
The researchers looked at dramatic differences in the rate of decline in physical and mental health as people aged. Cacioppo and his colleagues have examined the role of satisfying relationships on older people to develop their resilience ([rɪˈzɪliəns] 快速恢复的能力;适应力), the ability to feel better quickly after something unpleasant, and grow from stresses in life.
The consequences for health are dramatic, as feeling isolated or separated from others can disturb sleep, elevate blood pressure, increase morning rises in the stress hormone cortisol ([‘kɔ:tɪsɒl] 皮质醇), change the gene expression in immune cells, increase depression and lower overall subjective well﹣being, Cacioppo pointed out in a talk, “ Rewarding Social Connections Promote Successful Aging.”
Cacioppo, one of the nation’s leading experts on loneliness, said older people can avoid the consequences of loneliness by staying in touch with former co﹣workers, taking part in family traditions, and sharing good times with family and friends ﹣ all of which give older adults a chance to connect with others about whom they care and who care about them.
”Retiring to Florida to live in a warmer climate among strangers isn’t necessarily a good idea if it means you are disconnected from the people who mean much to you,” said Cacioppo. Population changes make understanding the role of loneliness and health all the more important,he explained. “People have to think about how to protect themselves from depression, low subjective well﹣being and early death. “
Although some people are happy to be alone, most people develop from social situations in which they provide mutual support and establish a strong bond. Evolution encourages people to work together to survive and accordingly most people enjoy companionship compared to be alone.
It is not solitude (独处)or physical isolation itself, but rather the subjective sense of isolation that Cacioppo’s work shows to be so destructive. Older people living alone are not necessarily lonely if they remain actively engaged in social life and enjoy the company of those around them. Some aspects of aging, such as blindness and loss of hearing, however, place people at special risk of becoming isolated and lonely, he said.
Passage outline | Supporting details |
The main idea | Chances are that older people will die early if they feel extremely 51.. |
52. with loneliness | • Like disadvantaged socioeconomic status and obesity, loneliness can 53. old men’s premature death. • When 54. from others, one will find physical health impacted and tend to feel depressive and unhappy. |
Suggestions | • Keep in touch with others and take part in 55. activities. • Choosing to live in a pleasant climate don’t necessarily make sense if the elder are disconnected from people who are 56. to them. • Think about how to57. depression, low subjective well﹣being and early death. • Work together with others to 58., to gain mutual support and establish a strong bond. |
Conclusions | • The sense of isolation, rather than solitude or physical isolation itself, isn’t 59.to elders. • Living alone doesn’t mean loneliness if older people live an 60. social life. |