________ it easier to get in touch with us, you’d better keep this card at hand.
A . Made B . Make
C . Making D . To make
D
【详解】
考查不定式作目的状语。句意:为了更方便地联系到我们,你最好随身带着这张卡片。根据句意可知,这里是目的状语,表目的用动词不定式,故选 D 。
【名师点睛】
一、不定式的作用
1. 作主语
不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用 it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。
例如: It took us two hours to finish the job.
It is impossible for us to get there on time.
It is very kind of you to help us.
2. 作宾语
(1) 动词 + 不定式。
例如: He managed to escape from the fire.
I find it hard to get along with him. ( it 作形式宾语)
注: 下列动词通常用不定式作宾语: want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get 等。
(2) 动词 + 疑问词 +to , “ 特殊疑问句 + 不定式 ” 相当于名词,作宾语。
例如: I don’t know what to do next / how to do it next.
I can’t decide when to go there.
注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用 it 作形式宾语。例如: I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
3. 作宾语补足语
(1) 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式( to do )。
例如: He warned me to be careful.
I want you to speak to Tom.
What makes you think so? (不带 to 的不定式)
注:可以用动词不定式作宾补的动词有: ask, tell, order, want, get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish, warn, expect, would prefer, encourage 等。
(2) 表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词 + 宾语 + to be 的不定式结构。
例如: We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be useful. (被动语态)
(3) There + 不定式。
例如: We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.
注意:有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像 regard, think, believe, take, consider 。例如:
We regard Eric as our best teacher.
Mary took him as her father.
(4) 在动词 feel( 一感 ), hear, listen to( 二听 ), have, let, make( 三让 ), notice, see, watch, observe, look at( 五看 )( 即:五看三使两听一感觉 ) 等后面的补足语中,不定式不带 to ,但变为被动语态后,必须带 to 。例如:
They saw the boy fall off the tree.
The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
(5) help 后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带 to ,也可以不带 to 。
例如: I often help him (to) clean the room.
I helped him (to) find his things.
4. 作定语
不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。
例如: I have a lot of work to do. (动宾关系)
He is looking for a room to live in. (动状关系)
He is the first person to think of the idea. (主谓关系)
He has got a chance to go abroad. (同位关系)
注意: (1) 不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。例如:
Do you have anything else to say?
(2) 如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。例如:
I need a pen to write with. (I will write with a pen.)
I have a little baby to look after. (I must look after the little baby.)
5. 作状语
作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语,如 in order to, so as to, so…as to, such…as to, …enough to, too…to 等。
(1) 作目的状语, just to, only to (仅仅为了) , in order to, so as to, so(such)…as to… (如此 …… 以便 …… )。
例如: He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
(2) 作结果状语,表事先没有预料到,要放在句子后面。
例如: He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.
(3) 作原因状语。
例如: We were very excited to hear the news.
(4) 作条件状语。
例如: To turn to the left, you could find a post office.
6. 作表语
不定式可放在 be 动词后面,构成表语。
例如: The question is how to put it into practice.
My question is when to leave.
His dream is to be a doctor.
注意: (1) 不定式在句中作表语时,对应的谓语动词用单数。
(2) 当主语是不定式时,表语不能用 v+ing 形式,可用不定式。
例如: To see is to believe. (="Seeing" is believing. )
二、不定式的时态和语态
1. 不定式的时态
(1) 现在时:有时与谓语动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
例如: He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again.
(2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
例如: I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
(3) 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动作同时发生。
例如: He seems to be eating something.
(4) 完成进行时:表示动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并有可能持续下去。
例如: She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
2. 不定式的语态
当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时,就用被动式。
例如: He was seen to enter the hall.
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
状语从句的概念:
状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
比较while/as/when:
1、as/when引导短暂性动作的动词例句:
如:Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when引导这个从句,不可用as或while。
如:When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3、从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as,不用when或while。
如:As the day went on, the weather got worse.
比较untill/till:
两个连词意义相同,肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”,动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”,动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。
正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句例句:I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
注意:在肯定句中可用before代替:Let's get in the wheat before the sunsets.
否定句例句:She didn't arrive until 6o'clock.
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.
1、Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。
例句:Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
2、Untilwhen疑问句中,until要放在句首。
例句:Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候?
注意:否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
1)Not until…在句首,主句用倒装。
例句:Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is.
2)It is not until…that…
状语从句的用种类:
1、时间状语从句:
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely)… when, everytime等引导。
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as soon as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
2、原因状语从句:
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的,引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as, nowthat(既然)等,for表示因果关系时(它引导的不是从句)为并列连词,语气不如because强。 e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.
As it is raining, I will not go out.
Now that you mention it, I do remember.
3、地点状语从句:
引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。
e.g. Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
4、目的状语从句:
引导目的状语从句最常用的词(组)是so, so that(从句谓语常有情态动词), in order that, in case(以防,以免)等。
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
He left early in case he should miss the train.
5、结果状语从句:
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句,通常主句是原因,从句是结果。由so that(从句谓语一般没有情态动词),so…that, such…that等引导。
e.g. She was ill, so that she didn't attend the meeting.
He was so excited that he could not say a word.
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
6、条件状语从句:
条件状语从句分真实性(有可能实现的事情)与非真实性(条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情)条件句。
引导条件状语从句的词(组)主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。
注意:条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
So far as I know(据我所知), he will be away for three months.
You can go swimming on condition that(=if) you don't go too far away from the river bank.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
7、让步状语从句:
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether…or, no matter who(when, what,…)等引导。
注意:as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Child a she is, he knows a lot.
Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I'll never change my mind.
8、方式状语从句:
方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。
e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as if nothing had happened.
9、比较状语从句:
比较状语从句常用than, so(as)…as, the more…the more等引导。
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题:
1、在时间和条件(有时也在方式、让步等)从句中,主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow.
I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句,如果从句的主语与主句主语一致(或虽不一致,是it),从句的谓语又包含动词be,就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。
e.g. When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If(you are) asked you may come in.
If(it is) necessary I'll explain to you again.
3、注意区分不同从句:引导的是什么从句,不仅要根据连词,还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例,能引导多种从句。
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.(地点状语从句)
Tell me the address where he lives.(定语从句,句中有先行词)
I don't know where he came from.(宾语从句)
Where he has gone is not known yet.(主语从句)
This place is where they once hid.(表语从句)
注意:表示“一…就…”的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before/no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思。
例句:I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意:如果hardly/scarcely或nosooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构:
例句:Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
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