Could the device, smartphone or PC, which you're using affect the moral decisions you make when using it? To test it, researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1,010 people. The participants were assigned a device at random.

One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley (有轨电车) problem”： A runaway trolley is headed towards five people tied up on a set of train tracks. You can do nothing, resulting in the deaths of five people, or push a man off a bridge, which will stop the trolley. The practical response is to kill one man to save five lives, which 33.5 percent of smartphone users chose, compared to 22.3 percent of PC users.

“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma，” Dr Albert Barque­Duran, the lead author of the study, told City University of London. “This could be due to the increased time pressure often  present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs.”

As for why the researchers started this study, Dr Barque­Duran noted, “Due to the fact that our social lives, work and even shopping take place online, it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed, and the impact this could have on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily.” It's clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decision­making because we're using screens at an ever­increasing rate.

篇章导读：本文是一篇科普说明文。你所使用的手机或电脑设备是否影响你的道德决策？为此，研究者对1,010位参与者做了研究。

1．Why did the author mention the trolley problem?

A．To introduce a difficult problem to readers.

B．To introduce the aim of carrying out the study.

C．To show an example of the questions in the study.

D．To show the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas.

2．How do the smartphone users of the study behave in dealing with emotional dilemmas?

A．Calmly.                             B．Cruelly.

C．Hesitantly.                         D．Enthusiastically.

3．Dr Albert believes that compared with PCs, smartphones ________.

A．help people bear more pressure

B．help people make decisions quicker

C．make people feel more mentally distant

D．make people stay happier to solve problems

4．What can we infer from the text?

A．Shopping online has a great effect on making moral decisions.

B．The people using smartphones are more than those using PCs.

C．People who often use smartphones or PCs always meet with dilemmas.

D．It is common for people to be involved in making moral decisions in daily life.

Over the past couple of days, on our local Freecycle page there have been a lot of wanted posts, all from the same person, basically asking for everything you'd need to set up a house from scratch.

One of the things they asked for was a queen­sized bed. At that time we just happened to have an extra one, so I messaged them. They immediately came in the afternoon. The people who came, two ladies and a man, are actually friends of another woman named Jenny who owned a young boy. This woman has escaped from a dangerous, violent relationship and these friends of hers are helping her and her son start over again, with everything from furniture to toothbrushes on their list of needs.

While they were here, I also gave them one of our spare bookcase and some coffee cups. I even asked them to keep in touch in case they needed anything else—I have a way of connecting people with things. I offered the woman a cupboard we had as well; her friends just needed to see if there was a place or a need for it in their friend's new home.

I was so excited to meet those loving people, who were obviously willing to help their friends. It was clear how protective they felt of this woman and her boy, how much they loved her and wanted her to have a happy and safe life, and to spend even a few minutes with people like that is an experience I'll remember for a long, long time.

A quick thank­you to all who have sent more donations over the last couple of days, as well as lovely messages of thanks and blessings. Sometimes it's hard to keep up with it all, but it's a problem I'm happy to have.

篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者通过物品利用网站帮助了一位遭受家庭暴力的女性和她的孩子。

5．What were the people who arrived at the author's in the afternoon going to do?

A．Promote some products customers needed.                                        

B．Fetch the bed the author would give away.

C．Recycle second­hand furniture.     

D．Help repair the author's furniture.

6．Which of the following words can best describe the author?

A．Warm­hearted.                       B．Mean.                                  

C．Narrow­minded.                      D．Intelligent.

7．From the last two paragraphs, we can infer that ________.

A．the author doesn't like to spend too much time with those people like Jenny's friends

B．Jenny and her boy will hardly get help from the author's friends

C．the author was disappointed with those only sending messages of thanks and blessings

D．Jenny and her boy will have a new start with the help of people

8．The suitable title for the text should be “________”．

A．No pains, no gains

B．God helps those who help themselves

C．Many hands make light work         

D．Where there is will, there is a way

When you think of batteries, you'll likely think about them powering up remote controls, cellphones, flashlights and toys. But some people carry a battery around in their body to power a pacemaker (起搏器). It isn't really pleasant and easy to carry batteries because they need to be replaced so often and they can leak poisonous chemicals. A battery­powered pacemaker may become a thing of the past, thanks to a new technology developed by UCLA researchers: A biological super capacitor (超级电容器), which is thinner than several hairs.

    Teams of researchers at UCLA and the University of Connecticut published a paper in a journal explaining their new invention. The super capacitor is made from a carbon material, and coated with human­like proteins that act as electrodes (电极). But what makes the device different is that it is powered by an energy harvester that changes body heat and movement in the blood into energy.

    Those traditional pacemakers are six to eight millimeters (毫米) thick. They are much bigger. The new super capacitor, which, due to its lack of battery, is only one micrometer (微米) thick. This “little” feature could benefit the new pacemaker's energy efficiency, researchers stated. Also, unlike other batteries used in medical treatments, the super capacitor can bend and twist in the body without suffering damage.

    Though they've not been widely used in the medical world, super capacitors have the ability to serve as a safer and more efficient medical device than the traditional battery­operated devices, the researchers believe.

    “In order to be effective, battery－free pacemakers must have super capacitors that can get, store and transport energy. However, commercial super capacitors are too slow to make them work”， said Maher El­Kady, a UCLA researcher and co­author of the study. “Our research focused on the custom­designed super capacitor to capture energy effectively, and finding a way to make it exist together successfully with the human body.”

篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种可以借助身体发电，不再需要电池供电的新型起搏器。

9．What do we know about traditional pacemakers?           

A．They are very popular with users.                   

B．They are thinner than several hairs.

C．They can do harm to the users' bodies.         

D．They are really convenient to carry around.

10．What is special about the new super capacitor?           

A．It has electrodes on the outside.

B．It is made from a kind of protein material.

C．It helps save the carriers' money and energy.

D．It can transform the energy from the body.

11．Which of the following makes the new pacemaker energy­efficient?           

A．The small size.                                                  

B．The small battery.

C．The energy harvester.                                       

D．The bending and twisting characters.

12．What is the best title for the text?           

A．A New Pacemaker that Doesn't Need to Use Batteries

B．A Battery­Powered Pacemaker Is Harming People's Body

C．People Today Aren't Willing to Use the Traditional Pacemaker Any Longer

D．UCLA Researchers Are Committed to the Cause of the Medical Equipment

“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you？” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at  University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves，”  he said. Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The wind starts out by making little ripples (涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves，” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature's ways of picking_up energy and then sending it off on a journey.” When waves come toward the shore,  people can set up dams to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine (涡轮机).  The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity.

“The resource is huge，” said Janet Swain of the Worldwatch Institute. “We will never run out of wave power.” Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil or coal. Oceans cover three quarters of the Earth's surface—that would make wave power seem ideal for creating energy throughout the world, though there are some weak points yet to overcome.

Swain said that wave power still costs too much money. She also said that its effects on sea animals are still unknown. What is more, wave power could affect fishing and boat traffic. Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out. “Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world，” Swain said. In the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!

篇章导读：本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了有关海洋波浪能源的应用前景及存在的问题。

13．The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ________.

A．test the readers' knowledge about waves

B．draw the readers' attention to the topic

C．show Jamie Taylor's importance

D．invite the readers to answer them

14．The underlined phrase “picking up”  is closest in meaning to “________”．

A．starting again                      B．speeding up

C．improving                           D．gathering

15．It can be inferred that someday we might not worry about ________.

 A．our power supply                   B．our boat traffic

 C．air pollution                      D．our supply of sea fish

16．We can make better use of wave energy if we ________.

 A．shorten its journey to thousands of homes

B．build more small power stations on the oceans

 C．reduce the cost of turning it into electric power

D．quicken the steps of producing electricity

(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e­spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low­cost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.

It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.

In a study describing the technology,  the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic­like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.

篇章导读：本文是一篇科研报道。来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。

1．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?

A．To reduce pressure on keys.

B．To improve accuracy in typing.

C．To replace the password system.

D．To cut the cost of e­space protection.

2．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?

A．Computers are much easier to operate.

B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.

C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.

D．Data security measures are guaranteed.

3．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?

A．It'll be environment­friendly.

B．It'll reach consumers soon.

C．It'll be made of plastics.

D．It'll help speed up typing.

4．Where is this text most likely from?

A．A diary.                            B．A guidebook.

C．A novel.                            D．A magazine.