In China, as in many countries, the north－south divide runs deep. People from the north are seen as hale and hearty, while southerners are often portrayed as cunning, cultured traders. Northerners are taller than southerners. The north eats noodles, while the south eats rice—and according to new research, when it comes to personality, that difference has meant everything.
A study published Friday by a group of psychologists in the journal Science finds that China’s noodle－slurping northerners are more independent, show more “analytic thought” and divorce more frequently. By contrast, the authors write, rice－eating southerners show more qualities traditionally associated with East Asian culture, including more “holistic thought” and lower divorce rates.
The reason? Cultivating rice, the authors say, is a lot harder. Picture a rice paddy, its delicate seedlings tucked in a bed of water. They require careful tending and many hours of labor—by some estimates, twice as much as wheat—as well as reliance on irrigation systems that require neighborly cooperation. As the authors write, for southerners growing rice, “strict self－reliance might have meant starvation”.
Growing wheat, by contrast, the north’s staple grain, is much simpler. One Chinese farming guide from the 1600s quoted in the study advised aspiring farmers that “if one is short of labor power, it is best to grow wheat.”
To produce their findings, the authors evaluated the attitudes of 1，162 Han Chinese students in Beijing and Liaoning in the north and in Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan and Sichuan in the south. To control for other factors that distinguish the north and south—such as climate, dialect and contact with herding cultures—the authors also analyzed differences between various neighboring counties in five central provinces along China’s rice－wheat border.
According to the authors, the influence of rice cultivation can help explain East Asia’s “strangely persistent interdependence”. For example, they say South Korea and Japan have remained less individualistic than Western countries, even as they’ve grown wealthier.
The authors aren’t alone in observing the influence various crops have on shaping culture. Malcolm Gladwell in his 2008 book Outliers also drew connections between a hard－working ethic (measured by a willingness to fill out long, boring questionnaires) and a historical tradition of rice cultivation in places such as South Korea and Japan, given that the farming of such crops is arguably an equally boring chore.
Title: How China’s North－South Divide Has Influence on (71)______ Personality
| (72)______ in personality | ●China’s northerners (73)______ on noodles, and they are thought of as hale, hearty and taller with more (74)______ and “analytic thought” as well as higher divorce rates ●On the contrary, the southerners prefer eating rice and have more “holistic thought” and lower divorce rates |
| Reasons | ●Planting rice needs twice more (75)______ than planting wheat ●Cultivating rice relies on irrigation system that requires neighbors to (76)______ well ●If you are over independent, you might (77)______ in the south ●If you are (78)______ in labor power, it is best to grow wheat in the north |
| The Research | ●The attitudes of 1，162 Han Chinese students were evaluated ●Other unrelated factors like climate, dialect and herding cultures were carefully (79)______ ●The result shows the influence of rice cultivation can result in more cooperation and explain East Asia’s “strangely persistent interdependence” |
| Another(80)______observation | Malcolm Gladwell also found the influence crops have on culture in his 2008 book Outliers |
71. Shaping 根据文章第一段的The north eats noodles, while the south eats rice-and according to new research, when if comes to personality, that difference has meant everything以及最后一段的The authors aren’t alone in observing the influence various crops have on shaping culture可知，北方人吃面，而南方人吃米，并且根据最新的研究，吃米吃面会导致个性差异，而且作者们不单单观察了不同的作物对文化的影响。本文主要讲述了南北差异如何对个性的塑造产生影响。根据shaping culture可知Shaping符合题意。
72. Difference(s)/Distinction(s) 根据文章第一段的In China, as in many countries, the north-south divide runs deep以及The north eats noodles. while the south eats rice-and according to new research, when it comes to personality, that difference has meant everything可知，就像在许多国家那样，在中国，南方和北方有很大的不同。北方人吃面，而南方人吃米，并且根据最新的研究，吃米吃面会导致个性差异。由此可知，本部分主要讲述了南方人和北方人的个性差异。故Difference(s)/Distinction(s)符合题意。
73. feed(1ive) 根据文章第一段的The north eats noodles, while the south eats rice可知，北方人吃面，而南方人吃米。根据eats noodles可知feed(1ive)正确。feed/live on sth.为固定短语，意为“以……为食”。
74. independence 根据文章第二段的A study published Friday by a group of psychologists in the journal Science finds that China’s noodle-slurping northerners are more independent, show more “analytic thought” and divorce more frequently可知，一个心理学家小组在周五的《科学杂志》上发表了一项研究：中国吃面的北方人更多的是个人主义，展现出“分析思路”并且离婚更频繁。根据more independent可知independence符合题意。
75. 1abor 根据文章第三段的They require careful tending and many hours of labor-by sonic estimates, twice as much as wheat可知，根据一些统计，种植水稻需要精心的照料和数小时的劳动力，是小麦(耗费的)两倍。根据many hours of labor可知labor正确。
76. cooperate 根据文章第三段的as well as reliance on irrigation systems that require neighborly cooperation可知，种植水稻还需依赖那种靠邻里间合作起作用的灌溉系统。根据neighborly’ cooperation可知cooperate符合题意。
77. starve根据文章第三段的As the authors write, for southerners growing rice, “strict self-reliance might have meant starvation”可知，正如作者所写的那样，对于种植大米的南方人来说，过分的独立耕种可能意味着挨饿。根据might have meant starvation司知starve正确。
78. 1acking(weak) 根据文章第四段的One Chinese farming guide from the 1600s quoted in the study advised aspiring farmers that “if one is short of labor power, it is best to grow wheat. ”可知，研究中引用了17世纪给有抱负的农民的一个中国种植经验“如果一个农民缺乏劳动力，那他最好去种小麦。”根据short of labor power可知lacking(weak)符合题意。be lacking in为固定短语，意为“缺乏，短缺”；be weak in为固定短语，意为“在……方面弱、差”。
79. controlled 根据文章第五段的To control for other factors that distinguish the north and south-such as climate, dialect and contact with herding cultures-the authors also analyzed differences between various neighboring counties in five centralprovinces along China’s rice-wheat border可知，为了控制会导致南北方差异的其他因素，如：气候，方言和与传统文化的联系，作者们也分析了位于中国种植大米和小麦地区周边的五个中心省里的不同县城之问的差异。根据To control for other factors司知controlled正确。
80. similar(related, relevant) 根据文章最后一段的Malcolm Gladwell in his 2008 book “‘Outliers” also drew connections between a hard-working ethic (measured by a willingness to fill out long, boring questionnaires) and a historical tradition of rice cultivation in places such as South Korea and Japan, given that the farming of such crops is arguably an equally boring chore可知，麦尔坎·葛拉威尔在他2008年出版的《异常数据》中也把勤劳的职业道德(通过是否愿意填写繁杂无聊的问卷测出)和一些地方(如：韩国和日本)种植大米的历史传统联系 起来，发现：种植这些作物可以说等同于无聊的事情。根据also drew connections可知，2008年出版的《异常数据》里有又一相似的或相关的观察。故similar(related，relevant)符合题意。
In a society, such as the United States or Canada, which has many national, religious and cultural differences, people highly value individualism--the difference among people. Teachers place a lot of importance on the qualities that make each student special. The educational systems in these countries show these values. Students don't memorize information. Instead, they work individually and find answers themselves. There is often discussion in the classroom. At an early age, students learn to form their own ideas and opinions.
In most Asian societies, by contrast, people have the same language, history, and culture. Perhaps for this reason, the educational system in much of Asia reflects society’s belief in group goals and purposes rather than individualism. Children in China, Japan, and Korea often work together and help one another in assignments. In the classroom, the teaching methods are often very formal. The teacher lectures, and the students listen. There is not much discussion. Instead, the students recite rules of information that they have memorized.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both of these systems of education. For example, one advantage to the system in Japan is that there much more math and science than American students learn by the end of high school. They also study more hours each day and more days each year than North Americans do. The system is difficult, but it prepares students for a society that values discipline and self-control. There is, however, a disadvantage. Memorization is an important learning method in Japanese schools, yet many students say that after an exam, they forget much of the information that they have memorized.
The advantage of the educational system in North American, on the other hand, is that students learn to think for themselves. The system prepares them for a society that values creative ideas. There is, however, a disadvantage. When students graduate from high school, they haven’t memorized as many basic rules and facts as students in other countries have.
Title： 76 of Educational System between North America and Asia
| Students in the US and 77 | Students in China, Japan and Korea | |
| What do they 78 | Individualism | 79 goals and purposes |
| Different 80 of study | Working individually | Listening to the teachers |
| Forming their own ideas and opinions | Reciting rules and memorizing information | |
| A lot of discussion in the classroom | Not much discussion | |
| 81 | Learning to think for themselves | Learning much more math and science |
| Studying more hours each day and more days each year | ||
| Good for a society that values 82 | Good for a society valuing 83 and self-control | |
| Disadvantages | Students haven’t memorized many basic rules and facts before 84___ | Information is 85 easily. |
Directions: Read the following passage. Complete the diagram by using the information from the passage. Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each answer.
American public education has changed in recent years. One change is that increasing numbers of American parents and teachers are starting independent public schools called charter schools.
In 1991, there were no charter schools in the Unite States. Today, more than 2300 charter schools operate in 34 states and the District of Columbia. 575. 000 students attend these schools. The students are from 5 years of age through 18 or older.
A charter school is created by groups of parents, teachers and community members. It is similar in some ways to a traditional public school. It receives tax money to operate a number of students. The charter school must prove to local or state governments that its students are learning. These governments provide the school with the agreement, or charter that permits it to operate.
Unlike a traditional public school, however, the charter school does not have to obey most laws governing public schools. Local, state or federal governments cannot tell it what to teach.
Each school can choose its own goals and decide the ways it wants to reach those goals. Class sizes are usually smaller than in many traditional public schools. Many students and parents say teachers in charter schools can be more creative.
However, state education agencies, local education-governing committees and unions often oppose charter schools. They say these schools may receive money badly needed by traditional public schools. Experts say some charter schools are doing well while others are struggling.
Congress provided 200 million dollars for establishing charter schools in the 2006 federal budget. But, often the schools say they lack enough money for programs. Many also lack needed space, District officials say they have provided 14 former school buildings for charter education. Yet charter school supporters say officials should try harder to find more space.
Title: 71.
| 72 ________ | Independent public school | ||
| Similarities between charter schools and traditional schools | ●73 ________ to operate U number of students ●Having to prove the students are learning ●Getting 74 ________ to operate from government | ||
| 75 __________ between charter schools and traditional schools | ●Not having to obey most laws for public schools ●Being free to decide the 76 ________ ●Being free to choose the goals and decide 77 ________ them ●There usually being 78 ________ students in charter schools’classes ●Having teachers who are more creative | ||
| Charter school's problems | Opinions from education departments | These schools receiving money badly needed by 79 ________ Not all doing well | |
| Opinions from charter schools | Lacking enough money Lacking 80．_________ | ||