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1.

  Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.

Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.

Among the bag makers’ argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.

The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.

Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑) these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.

109What has Steven Stein been hired to do?

AHelp increase grocery sales.

BRecycle the waste material.

CStop things falling off trucks.

DArgue for the use of plastic bags.

110What does the word “headwinds” in paragraph 2 refer to?

ABans on plastic bags.

BEffects of city development.

CHeadaches caused by garbage.

DPlastic bags hung in trees.

111What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?

AThey are quite expensive.

BReplacing them can be difficult.

CThey are less strong than plastic bags.

DProducing them requires more energy.

112What is the best title for the text?

APlastic, Paper or Neither

BIndustry, Pollution and Environment

CRecycle or Throw Away

DGarbage Collection and Waste Control

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【答案】

109D

110A

111D

112A

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况,塑料袋会造成环境问题纸袋尽管容易回收,但生产和运输需要更多的能源,环保主义者希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。

109细节理解题。根据第一段中one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段中plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知,塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害,为使用塑料袋进行辩护。故选D。

110词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用,看到这种现状,塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds意为逆风,此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状,即Bans on plastic bags,故选A。

111细节理解题。根据第四段中However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知,生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能源,故选D。

112主旨大意题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋会造成环境问题,纸袋容易回收,但生产和运输需要更多的能源,环保主义者希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比,Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文,又能吸引读者,最适合作为标题。故选A。

【点睛】

概括主旨的方法是:先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句,若无明显主题句,就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句,要看懂全文的主要内容,明白了主要内容就能准确概括文章标题)。小题4要求概括标题,本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题,纸袋容易回收,但生产和运输需要更多的能源,希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比,Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文,又能吸引读者,适合作为标题。

=
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1.

 Every year, over 7.72 trillion kilograms of plastic is washed into the oceans. There are five huge areas in the world’s oceans that are a “soup” of floating rubbish. One of these areas, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP), is three times as large as France.

Over a year ago, a group called Ocean Cleanup began using a huge floating screen to try to clean up plastic pollution in the ocean. After several failures, the group is now collecting plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. But the plastic is spreading out over a large area, so it's impossible to collect it piece by piece. So, the Ocean Cleanup had a plan. They got a long floating U-shaped tube with a screen hanging below it. As the tube and screen are pushed by the water and the winds, the U is meant to collect plastic rubbish, making it easy for a ship to collect and remove the plastic. The system uses the power of the wind and ocean, so it doesn’t need fuel.

The group began testing the first version, called “System 001”, last September. But it soon became clear that the screen was just moving with the plastic, not collecting it. Sometimes plastic would wash over the top of the tube. Even worse, System 001 got broken by surging seas and had to be towed to Hawaii for repairs.

But Mr. Slat, who got the idea for the Ocean Cleanup system, sees the project as an experiment, which means a failure is a chance to learn. The team collected and studied lots of information about what worked well and what didn’t. Then they changed the design. In June, an improved version, called “System001/B” was towed back to the GPGP.

The new version has a parachute (降落伞) attached to it. This makes the system move slightly slower than the plastic, allowing the plastic to be collected inside, as planned. But this success is still just the beginning of the work of the Ocean Cleanup. They want a better and larger system.

24What does the author want to show in Paragraph 1?

AHumans should try to prevent plastic waste.

BThe GPGP is facing different kinds of pollution.

CPlastic pollution in the oceans has become a serious problem.

DA series of problems has been caused by plastic pollution.

25What was the group’s plan?

ATo make use of the water and the winds.

BTo create a ship to collect waste in the oceans.

CTo collect the floating plastic waste piece by piece.

DTo gather up the floating plastic waste in the oceans.

26What can we know about the “System001”?

AIt was a failure.                                         BIt was a great success.

CIt worked with a parachute.                         DIt needed to be fueled regularly.

27What does the underlined word mean in Paragraph 3?

Avast                       Brough                     Ccalm                      Dpeaceful

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1.

    To err is human. Society is suffering from an inability to acknowledge as much.

For individuals, errors are painful. The trick, then, is to err well: to recognize mistakes and learn from them. Worryingly, humanity may be getting worse at admitting its mistakes.

Few enjoy the feeling of being caught out in an error. But real trouble starts when the desire to avoid a punishment leads to a refusal to deal with contrary evidence. Economists often assume that people are sensible. When faced with a new fact, these people should update their view of the world to take better decisions in future. Yet years of economic research confirms that people frequently disregard information that conflicts with their view of the world.

Why should that be? Last year Roland Benabou, of Princeton, presented a framework for thinking about the problem. In many ways, beliefs are like other economic goods. People spend time and resources building them, and get value from them: some beliefs make owners feel good and show their public identity; other beliefs provide value by shaping behavior—for example, religious asceticism(禁欲主义) can help one avoid unhealthy habits.

Because beliefs, however, are not simply tools for making good decisions, but are treasured in their own right, new information that challenges them is unwelcome. People often engage in “motivated reasoning” to manage such challenges. Mr Benabou classifies this into three categories. “Strategic ignorance” is when a believer avoids information offering conflicting evidence. In “reality denial”, troubling evidence is rationalized(合理化):real estate investors might make up fanciful theories for why prices should behave unusually, and supporters of a disgraced politician might claim the negative news to be fake. And lastly, in “self­signalling”, the believer creates his own tools to interpret the facts in the way he wants: an unhealthy person, for example, might decide that going for a daily run proves he is well.

“Motivated reasoning” is a cognitive bias(偏见). Not all the errors it leads to are  costly: praising the performance of one's supported football team despite contradictory evidence does little harm. But when biases are broadly shared—within financial world or political parties—danger arises. Motivated reasoning helps explain why viewpoints polarize (两极分化) even as information is more easily available than ever before.

Work by Mr Benabou suggests that groupthink is highest when people within groups face a shared fate: when choosing to break from a group is unlikely to spare an individual the costs of the group's errors or bring much individual benefit. The incentive(动力) to engage in motivated reasoning is high as a result. Even as the fact on a particular issue is obvious, parties can still become increasingly polarized. That, in turn, can make it harder still for a member of one party to get any benefit from breaking from a group. Indeed, the group has an incentive to silence independent voices.

Public statements of regret are risky in a rigidly polarized world. Admissions of error can not only annoy partners but also provide opportunities for opponents. But it is rarely in the interest of those in the right to pretend that they are never wrong.

52According to the passage, beliefs are similar to economic goods in that ________.

Aboth are entertaining and valuable                Bboth can be shaped by religious faith

Cboth can reflect who the owners are              Dboth promote religious development

53Which of the following is an example of “self­signalling”?

AA fan speaks highly of his team although it has just lost the game.

BA man covers his ears when stealing a bell, believing the bell won't ring.

CSupporters of Trump believe the news about his affairs with a lady is fake.

DSuspected AIDS carriers refuse to be tested though it can be done for free.

54What can be inferred from Paragraphs 6 and 7?

APolarization causes individuals to break from the group.

BRicher sources of information decrease motivated reasoning.

CIndividuals with independent voices are dismissed from the group.

DIndividuals in a group engage in motivated reasoning for their own interests.

55Which of the following opinions might the author agree with?

ADenying errors is unavoidable.

BFailure to admit errors is harmful.

CHumans are getting better at erring well.

DWise people ignore contrary worldviews.

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1.

请阅读下面文字及图片,并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。

So Close, Yet So Far

Where am I? What am I doing? If you’re one of my 500 friends online, you’ll always be the first to know. My phone and laptop are never out of touching distance, so I’m constantly posting updates on social media—whether I’m having a coffee, on my way to school, watching TV… even when I’m in the shower. I have a never-ending flow of messages and updates from all the people I associate with online.

I live in a university dorm with a couple of great roommates. Yet the truth of the matter is: I feel lonely. A few days ago, I went out for a dinner get-together with some friends. My best friend left the table for 30 minutes because he had to take a call. Some spent the dinner bent over their phones, texting friends online but ignoring the one who sat right in front of them. And the extraordinary thing is no one thought this was rude; it’s just how life is nowadays.

(写作内容)

1. 用约 30 个单词概述上述文字所描述的现象;

2. 分析造成该现象的原因(两至三点);

3. 请你给 Mark 提两到三条建议。

(写作要求)

1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句;

2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称;

3. 不必写标题。

(评分标准)

内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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1.

    The world is witnessing the worst refugee crisis(难民危机) since World War II. Tens of thousands of people are fleeing civil war and unrest(动荡) to find new homes in Europe — sometimes with sad consequences(后果).

On Aug 27, Austrian officials found the dead bodies of 71 Syrian migrants(移民) in a deserted truck near Austrian-Hungarian border, just as European leaders were holding a meeting in Vienna to figure out how to deal with the refugee crisis. On the same day, 200 migrants were found dead and 200 rescued as two boats packed with refugees sank off the coast of Libya, according to media reports.

The terms “migrant” and “refugee” are often used interchangeably. But there’s a big difference between them, says an article in the Atlantic magazine. Here is how the United Nations defines refugees:

“Refugees are persons fleeing armed conflict( ) or ill-treatment. Their situation is often so dangerous and intolerable that they cross national borders to search for safety in nearby countries. …These are people for whom denial(拒绝) of protection has possibly deadly consequences.”

Migrants, on the other hand, move mainly to improve their lives by finding work, or for education, family reunion or other reasons, said the agency.

Countries should offer refugees certain protections under their international treaty obligations(条约义务).

This is why some states hesitate to admit those people who are fleeing unrest in their home countries.

When talking about refugee and immigration problems, many media outlets use “illegal immigrant”. Critics say that it gives the impression that it’s the person that is illegal rather than their actions. The UN and the EU parliament have called for an end to the phrase, the BBC reported.

54The differences between “refugee” and “migrant” are written with the purpose of _____.

Adefining the two words clearly

Bindicating why some states are not willing to admit refugees

Cshowing that refugees are more than migrants

Durging European countries to accept more refugees

55According to the text   “refugee” differs from “migrant” because _____.

they both cross national borders but with different purposes

refugees are illegal while migrants are legal

refugees may face deadly consequences while migrants are relatively safe

refugees are treated badly while migrants are highly respected

A①④                      B①③                      C②③④                  D①③④

56According to the text, what may be discussed in the next several paragraphs?

AExplanations for “illegal immigrant”.

BExamples about the refugee crisis in Europe.

CMeasures to offer refugee protections.

DCauses of the refugee crisis in Europe.

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