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1.

七选五

I have a drawer full of letters to Santa. Each year my children would write up their Christmas wish lists. They were polite requests for the latest game or toy. As the children got older, they would give Santa some hints( 提示 )on where to buy their presents. 31

Those letters taught my children a valuable lesson about writing: It has a purpose. Sometimes our purpose is to achieve something;other times it may be to entertain, inform, or persuade. 32 And when writing doesn’t seem to have any purpose or get any kind of meaningful response, then it can be hard to get excited about doing it.

Christmas is a great time of year for children to communicate with others through writing. When children write for real audiences and real purposes, they can learn to choose their words accordingly. 33 You write “Dear Santa” because you don’t know him personally and you want to show him respect.

34 Texting, online messaging, live chats while playing video games all mean that they are constantly producing written messages. However, because they are usually writing to family and friends, they use informal language most of the time.

There is nothing wrong with this kind of writing. It suits the audience and the purpose and gets the job done. 35 This type of writing won’t be rewarded by the school examiner, nor by a future employer or a potential client. The very best communicators are those who know how to adjust their language to match their audience.

A It isn’t that these young people can’t write.

B But it is always purposeful-or at least it should be.

C The age of pen-and-paper letter writing may have passed.

D As a result, each year they received something they wanted.

E You write “Hi Nanna and Pop” because you are close to them.

F As technology develops, young people are writing more than they ever have.

G But if this is the only kind of writing young people do, it will cause problems.

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D    32 B    33 E    34 F    35 G

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过讲述孩子们通过给圣诞老人写信暗示得到自己心仪的礼物,从而论证观点:人们写作都是带有某种目的的。

31 .根据空前 “As the children got older, they would give Santa some hints( 提示 )on where to buy their presents. ( 随着孩子们逐渐长大,他们会给圣诞老人一些提示,告诉他去哪里买礼物。 )” 可知,孩子们给圣诞老人提示去哪买礼物。结合选项可知, D “As a result, each year they received something they wanted. ( 结果,他们每年都会收到他们想要的东西。 )” 为孩子们提示的结果:收到心仪的礼物。前后为明显的因果关系。故选 D 项。

32 .根据空前 “Sometimes our purpose is to achieve something;other times t may be to entertain, inform, or persuade. ( 有时我们的目的是为了获得东西,有时可能是为了娱乐、告知或说服。 )” 可知,我们写作都是带着目的的。结合选项 B“But it is always purposeful-or at least it should be. ( 但它总是有目的的 —— 或者至少应该是这样。 )” 可知,前后语意一致,说明写作是带有目的的。故选 B 项。

33 .根据空前 “When children write for real audiences and real purposes, they can learn to choose their words accordingly. ( 当孩子们为真正的读者和真正的目的写作时,他们就能学会相应地选择用词。 )” 以及空后 “You write “Dear Santa” because you don’t know him personally and you want to show him respect. ( 你写 亲爱的圣诞老人 是因为你不认识他,你想表达对他的尊重。 )” 可知,空后句和空前句之间是 理论 —— 实践 的关系,由此可推知,空处也应为具体的实践。结合选项 E“You write “Hi Nanna and Pop” because you are close to them. ( 你写 嗨,奶奶和爸爸 ,因为你和他们很亲近。 )” 可知,符合这一逻辑。而且和空后结构一致。故选 E 项。

34 .根据空后 “Texting, online messaging, live chats while playing video games all mean that they are constantly producing written messages. ( 在玩电子游戏时发短信、在线消息、实时聊天都意味着他们在不断地产生书面信息。 )” 可知,科技的发展让人们的写作变得更普遍。结合选项 F“As technology develops, young people are writing more than they ever have. ( 随着科技的发展,年轻人写的东西比以前更多了。 )” 可知,前后语意一致,符合语境。故选 F 项。

35 .根据空前 “There is nothing wrong with this kind of writing. It suits the audience and the purpose and gets the job done. ( 这种写作方式并没有错。它迎合了观众和目的,完成了任务。 )” 可知,作者在评价这种科技影响下的写作方式。结合选项 G“But if this is the only kind of writing young people do, it will cause problems. ( 但如果这是年轻人唯一的写作方式,那就会造成问题。 )” 可知,前后语意一致,从正反两方面评价科技带来的写作。故选 G 项。

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1.

  If you are fond of learning languages, you must start learning Chinese. English is the most widely spoken language in the world and it is a more powerful language in all fields. But it is expected that Chinese, which is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (UN), will be the most important language in the coming years. What are the reasons behind the rapid spread of this language and why should you learn it?

My desire to learn languages was the reason why I studied many Latin languages and in the process, I deepened my knowledge of the languages and literature.  However, I did not feel  self-sufficient ( ) from  this knowledge. I gained a lot of information about the Western world. But my thinking was always about Asian civilizations. I always felt I needed to learn Chinese to be a global citizen (全球公民) because “without learning Chinese, we see with one eye”.

My contact with many international organizations and government institutions ( 机构 ) made me believe that Chinese is one of the most important languages of our time. After visiting the world’s most celebrated capitals such as Paris and London, I discovered that Chinese language can be seen everywhere in these places. In the subway in Paris, you will hear instructions in French, English and Chinese. In London, for example, the Chinese language was introduced for instruction in schools.

China is an important political (政治的) and economic country because it is making great economic progress that has never been seen before. The world is watching  China with great surprise, and this peaceful Chinese rise makes us decide to focus on learning the Chinese language and knowing more about Chinese culture.

To be a global citizen these days, I would advise you to learn Chinese. It will add more beauty to your life and allow you to better understand Chinese civilization.

32What can we learn about languages in the future according to the first paragraph?

ASome of them will disappear.

BMore official languages will be added to the UN.

CEnglish will still have an advantage over others.

DChinese language will probably be second to none.

33What do the examples in Paragraph 3 show?

AParis is a wonderful capital city worth a visit.

BChinese learning is very popular in schools in London.

CPeople in some western countries like speaking Chinese.

DChinese language is playing an important role in the world.

34What mainly causes Westerners to start learning Chinese according to the text?

AThe rise of Chinese economy.

BTheir love for language learning.

CTheir curiosity about Asian culture.

DThe long history of Chinese civilization.

35What could be the best title for the text?

AHow to be a global citizen

BChinese — the language you must learn

CWhat you should know about Chinese culture

DChinese economy—the most powerful engine

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1.

 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.

Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000, Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.

97What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?

AThey developed very fast.                           BThey were large in number.

CThey had similar patters.                             DThey were closely connected

98Which of the following best explains "dominant" underlined in paragraph 2?

AComplex.                                                  BAdvanced.

CPowerful.                                                  DModern.

99How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?

AAbout 6,800 .                                            BAbout 3,400

CAbout 2,400                                              DAbout 1,200.

100What is the main idea of the text?

ANew languages will be created.

BPeoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.

CHuman development results in fewer languages.

DGeography determines language evolution.

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1.

    While many of us may have been away somewhere nice last summer, few would say that we’ve “summered.” “Summer” is clearly a noun, more precisely, a verbed noun.

Way back in our childhood, we all learned the difference between a noun and a verb. With such a tidy definition, it was easy to spot the difference. Not so in adulthood, where we are expected to “foot” bills, “chair” committees, and “dialogue” with political opponents. Chances are you didn’t feel uncomfortable about the sight of those verbed nouns.

“The verbing of nouns is as old as the English language,” says Patricia O’Conner, a former editor at The New York Times Book Review. Experts estimate that 20 percent of all English verbs were originally nouns. And the phenomenon seems to be snowballing. Since 1900, about 40 percent of all new verbs have come from nouns.

Even though conversion (转化) is quite universal, plenty of grammarians object to the practice. William Strunk Jr. and E.B.White, in The Elements of Style — the Bible for the use of American English — have this to say: “Many nouns lately have been pressed into service as verbs. Not all are bad, but all are suspect.” The Chicago Manual of Style takes a similar standpoint, advising writers to use verbs with great care.

“Sometimes people object to a new verb because they resist what is unfamiliar to them,” says O’Conner. That’s why we’re comfortable “hosting” a party, but we might feel upset by the thought of “medaling” in sports. So are there any rules for verbing? Benjamin Dreyer, copy chief at Random House, doesn’t offer a rule, but suggests that people think twice about “verbifying” a noun if it’s easily replaceable by an already existing popular verb. Make sure it’s descriptive but not silly-sounding, he says.

In the end, however, style is subjective. Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English “English.” Not every coinage (新创的词语) passes into general use, but as for trying to end verbing altogether, forget it.

80What can we learn about the verbing of nouns?

AIt hasn’t recently been opposed by many grammarians.

BIt is more commonly accepted by children than adults.

CIt hasn’t been a rare phenomenon in the past century.

DIt is easily replaced by existing verbs in practice

81What is most leading experts’ attitude towards the practice of the verbing of nouns?

ACautious.                                                  BSatisfied.

CDisappointed.                                            DUnconcerned.

82What does the author think of ending the verbing of nouns?

APredictable.                                               BPracticable.

CApproaching.                                            DImpossible.

83What is the best title for the text?

AAre 40 Percent of all new verbs from nouns

BAre Summering and Medaling Annoying?

CAre You Comfortable about a New Verb?

DAre There Any Rules for Verbing?

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1.

    The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

207What does the author say about silence in conversations?

AIt implies anger.

BIt promotes friendship.

CIt is culture-specific.

DIt is content-based.

208Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?

AThe Chinese.

BThe French.

CThe Mexicans.

DThe Russians.

209What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?

ALet it continue as the patient pleases.

BBreak it while treating patients.

CEvaluate its harm to patients.

DMake use of its healing effects.

210What may be the best title for the text?

ASound and Silence

BWhat It Means to Be Silent

CSilence to Native Americans

DSpeech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

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1.

    Green is an important color in nature. It is the color of grass and the leaves on trees. It is also the color of most growing plants.

Sometimes, the word “green” means young, fresh and growing. For example, a greenhorn is someone who has no experience. In the 15th century, a greenhorn was a young cow or an ox whose horns() had not yet developed. A century later, a greenhorn was a soldier who had no experience in war. By the 18th century, a greenhorn had the meaning it has today—a person who is new in a job.

Someone who is good at growing plants is said to have a green thumb(大拇指). The expression comes from the early 20th century. A person with a green thumb can make plants grow quickly and well.

Green is also the color used to describe the powerful feeling, jealousy(嫉妒). The green-eyed monster(怪物) is not a dangerous animal from outer space. It is an expression used about 400 years ago by the British writer William Shakespeare in his play “Othello”. It describes the unpleasant feeling when someone has something he wants. For example, a young man may suffer from the green-eyed monster if you get a pay rise and he does not.

In most places in the world, a green light means to move ahead. In everyday speech, a green light means agree to continue with a project.

273A greenhorn now refers to ________.

Aa person who is new in a job

Ba new soldier

Ca young horse

Da cow without horns

274A person with a green thumb is a person ________.

Awho is good at growing plants

Bwhose thumbs are of green color

Cwhose garden is greener than others’

Dwho is younger than his neighbors

275A man may meet the green-eyed monster if ________.

Ahe sees a dangerous animal

Bhe reads a sad play

Chis friend gets a prize that he wants

Dhe can’t get something

276The main idea of the passage is ________.

Aa greenhorn

Ba green thumb

Cthe Green Revolution

Dthe word “green” and its story

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