On the morning of September 11, 2001, computer sales manager Michael Hingson , who is blind , went early to his office on the 78^th floor of the North Tower of the World Trade Center to prepare for a meeting . As Michael worked , his guide dog , a Labrador retriever _______(name) Roselle, dozed by his feet.

At 8:46 a.m,  a tremendous boom rocked the building , eliciting  screams throughout the floor . Michael grabbed Roselle , trusting that the dog _______(lead) out of the danger, and they navigated their way to a stairwell.

    “Forward,” Machael instructed , and they descended the first of 1,463 steps to the lobby._______ about ten floors , the stairwell grew crowded and hot ,and the fumes from jet fuel had made it hard to breathe. When a woman became crazy , yelling that they wouldn’t make it. Roselle accompanied the woman ________she finally petted the dog , calmed herself , and kept walking down the stairs.

 Around the 30^th floor, firefighters started passing Michael on their way up . Each one stopped to offer him assistance. He declined but let Roselle be petted, _____ (provide) many of the firefighters with _______ would be their last experience of unconditional love.

After about 45 minutes ,Michael and Roselle reached _____ booby ,and 15 minutes later ,they emerged outside to a scene of chaos . Suddenly the police yelled for everyone to run as the South Tower began to collapse.

 Michael kept a tight grip on Roselle’s harness , using voice and hand commands, as they ran to a street opposite the crumbling tower . The street bounced like a trampoline , and “a deafening roar” like a hellish freight train filled the air.  Hours later , Michael andRoselle made it home safely . At that moment , they thought they were _______(lucky ) in the world.

In 2004,  Roselle developed a blood disorder , ______  prevented her from guiding and touring . She died in 2011.

 “ I ‘ve had many other dogs ,” Mechael wrote , “but there is only one Roselle.”

A. catalog      B. barely     C. free      D. self-consciousness    E. prospects     

F. compulsory   G. dropped   H. assigned   I. certified    J. totally    K. transfer 

For thousands of commuting students, Chabot was our Columbia, Annapolis, even our Sorbonne, offering courses in physics, stenography, auto mechanics, ___31___ public accounting, foreign languages, journalism—name the art or science, the subject or trade, and it was probably in the ___32___. The college had a nursing program that churned out graduates, sports teams that funneled athletes to big-time programs, and parking for a few thousand cars—all ___33___, but for the effort and the cost of used textbooks.

Classmates included veterans back from Vietnam, women of every marital and maternal status returning to school, middle-aged men wanting to improve their employment ___34___ and paybacks. We could get our general education requirement out of the way at Chabot—credits we could ___35___ to a university—which made those two years an invaluable head start. I was able to go on to the California State University in Sacramento (at $95 a semester, just ___36___ affordable) and study no other subject but my major, theater arts. (After a year there I moved on, enrolling in a little thing called the School of Hard Knocks, a.k.a. Life.)

 “By some fluke of the punch-card computer era, I made Chabot’s dean’s list taking classes I loved (oral interpretation), classes I hesitated (health, a requirement), classes I aced, and classes I ___37___ after the first hour (astronomy, because it was all math). I nearly failed zoology, killing my fruit flies by neglect, but got lucky in an English course, “The College Reading Experience.” The books of Carlos Castaneda were incomprehensible to me (and still are), but my___38___ presentation on the analytic process called structural dynamics was hailed as clear and concise, though I did nothing more than embellish the definition I had looked up in the dictionary.

       A public-speaking class was unforgettable for a couple of reasons. First, the assignments forced us to get over our ___39___. Second, another student was a stewardess, as flight attendants called themselves in the 70’s. She was studying communications and was gorgeous. She lived not far from me, and when my VW threw a rod and was in the shop for a week, she offered me a lift to class. I rode shotgun that Monday-Wednesday-Friday, ___40___ tongue-tied. Communicating with her one-on-one was the antithesis of public speaking.

Suppose you become a leader in an organization . It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities . To do so , it should help understand why people undertake volunteer word and what keeps their interest in the work.

Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer . __________________________For example , people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness , to expand their range of experiences , and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate . To select volunteers , you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so . To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately , these programs can shift people’s wish of participating from an internal factor(e.g.,’I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor(e.g., ‘ I volunteer because I’m required to do so .”) . When that happens people become less likely to volunteer in the future._______________________

Once people begin to volunteer ,what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question , researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance , one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year . One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.__________ the researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience.”

 Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.______________ . Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am .” “ Consistent with the researchers “ expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results , once again , lead to concrete advice:” Once an individual begins volunteering ,continued efforts might focus on developing  a volunteer role identity -------- Item like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contribution can help strengthen role identity.”

A.  People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements and internal needs.

B.   People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must

C.   It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be likely to continue volunteer work.

D.   Individual differences in role identity is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work.

E.   Although this result may not surprise you ,it leads to important practical advice.

F.    Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.

   In the United States alone , over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phone are part of a a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.

  Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver . A  Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste , the concentration (含氟) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called  e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.

 Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals . Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed , the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries , in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.

 Creating products out of  raw materials creates much more materials, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products . Consider again the cell-phone , and imagine the mines that produced those metals , the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in . Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful  as well.

  The U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency notes that most wast is dangerous in that “ the production , distribution , and use of products ------as well asd management of the resulting waste-----all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start ---- for instance , buying reusable products and recycling

 In many countries the concept of the extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive（动机）for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products , would they reduce the packaging in the first place?

Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is  usually based on money . Why , they ask , should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫)that encased your television?

From the governments’ point of view , a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.

1. 大家都认可，快乐是一个旅程，而非目的地。(it)

2. 正是他那种急于求成的心态导致了在决赛中失去了冠军的头衔。(cost)

3. 这个学校十分重视培养学生的可持续性发展，所以它的毕业生以有志向，上进心和主动性而闻名。(emphasis)

4. 不顾她父母和朋友的反对，她放弃了高薪高福利的工作，转向了以金融为核心的投行。(regardless of)