Tips for Writing a Great Speech
How to write a strong speech? There are a lot of different ways to answer that question. 16．
Read your speech out loud.
Unlike almost all other forms of writing, speech-writing is designed for listeners. So, when reviewing your text, read it to yourself and pay attention to how the words sound and feel. 17． If your phrases make you stumble （结巴）,they are guaranteed to make your boss stumble as well. Just remember that good writing is not necessarily good speech-writing.
Simple phrases are your friends.
Keep your sentences short and sweet. Compound phrases with multiple clauses may look great on paper, but are likely to confuse your audience and decrease the effectiveness of your speech. Limit yourself to one or two ideas per sentence. 18．
Do your research.
Before beginning a speech, make sure to familiarize yourself with the subject. 19． The creative aspects of speech-writing are only effective when backed by a strong foundation of knowledge by the speaker. The audience must trust your words in order for their meaning to sink in. If you' re well-prepared, it will show.
20．
Your listeners should be a strong determining factor of the content, tone and style of your speech. Before drafting remarks, think about who you' re speaking to, the place you' re speaking at and the timing of your speech. There's a time and a place for every type of remarks. It's your job to figure out when and where you are.
A．Know your audience.
B．Show respect to your listeners.
C．Express them as clearly and powerfully as possible.
D．Thus, you can write about it with confidence and authority.
E.Do they slip off the tongue or are they clumsy and awkward?
F.Different writers are most likely to adopt diverse approaches to speech-writing.
G.Here are rules that all writers should follow in order to write a winning speech.
16．G
17．E
18．C
19．D
20．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了几个能让你写出很强有力的演讲的方法。
16．文章衔接题。根据前文How to write a strong speech? There are a lot of different ways to answer that question.可知如何写一篇强有力的演讲？有很多不同的方法来解决这个问题.G项：Here are rules that all writers should follow in order to write a winning speech.为了写出一篇成功的演讲，所有的作家都应该遵守以下规则。承上启下，符合文意，故选G。
17．逻辑推理题。根据前文So,when reviewing your text,read it to yourself and pay attention to how the words sound and feel.可知，所以，当你回顾你的文章时，读给自己听，注意单词的发音和感觉。E项：Do they slip off the tongue or are they clumsy and awkward？他们是脱口而出，还是笨手笨脚？是读给自己听的结果，符合文意，故选E。
18．理解判断题。根据前文Limit yourself to one or two ideas per sentence.可知每句话只能表达一到两个观点。C项：Express them as clearly and powerfully as possible.尽可能清晰有力地表达它们。承接上文，符合文意，故选C。
19．联系上文题。根据前文Before beginning a speech, make sure to familiarize yourself with the subject.可知，在开始演讲之前，一定要熟悉演讲的主题。D项：Thus,you can write about it with confidence and authority（权威）。因此，你可以充满信心和权威地写这篇文章。是熟悉演讲的作用，符合文意，故选D.
20．段落理解题。根据后文Your listeners should be a strong determining factor of the content, tone and style of your speech. Before drafting remarks, think about who you're speaking to, the place you're speaking at and the timing of your speech.可知，听众应该是决定演讲内容、语气和风格的重要因素。在起草演讲稿之前，想想你要和谁讲话，你要在哪里讲话，你演讲的时间。A项：Know your audience.了解你的听众。概况本段内容，符合文意，故选A。
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Feeling extreme loneliness can increase an older person’s risk of premature (过早的)death by 14 percent, according to research by John Cacioppo, professor of psychology at the University of Chicago.
Cacioppo and his colleagues’ work shows that the impact of loneliness on premature death is nearly as strong as the impact of disadvantaged socioeconomic status, which they found increases the chances of dying early by 19 percent. A 2010 meta﹣analysis showed that loneliness has twice as much impact on early death as obesity does, he said.
The researchers looked at dramatic differences in the rate of decline in physical and mental health as people aged. Cacioppo and his colleagues have examined the role of satisfying relationships on older people to develop their resilience ([rɪˈzɪliəns] 快速恢复的能力；适应力), the ability to feel better quickly after something unpleasant, and grow from stresses in life.
The consequences for health are dramatic, as feeling isolated or separated from others can disturb sleep, elevate blood pressure, increase morning rises in the stress hormone cortisol ([‘kɔ:tɪsɒl] 皮质醇), change the gene expression in immune cells, increase depression and lower overall subjective well﹣being, Cacioppo pointed out in a talk, “ Rewarding Social Connections Promote Successful Aging.”
Cacioppo, one of the nation’s leading experts on loneliness, said older people can avoid the consequences of loneliness by staying in touch with former co﹣workers, taking part in family traditions, and sharing good times with family and friends ﹣ all of which give older adults a chance to connect with others about whom they care and who care about them.
”Retiring to Florida to live in a warmer climate among strangers isn’t necessarily a good idea if it means you are disconnected from the people who mean much to you,” said Cacioppo. Population changes make understanding the role of loneliness and health all the more important,he explained. “People have to think about how to protect themselves from depression, low subjective well﹣being and early death. “
Although some people are happy to be alone, most people develop from social situations in which they provide mutual support and establish a strong bond. Evolution encourages people to work together to survive and accordingly most people enjoy companionship compared to be alone.
It is not solitude (独处)or physical isolation itself, but rather the subjective sense of isolation that Cacioppo’s work shows to be so destructive. Older people living alone are not necessarily lonely if they remain actively engaged in social life and enjoy the company of those around them. Some aspects of aging, such as blindness and loss of hearing, however, place people at special risk of becoming isolated and lonely, he said.
| Passage outline | Supporting details |
| The main idea | Chances are that older people will die early if they feel extremely 51．. |
| 52． with loneliness | • Like disadvantaged socioeconomic status and obesity, loneliness can 53． old men’s premature death. • When 54． from others, one will find physical health impacted and tend to feel depressive and unhappy. |
| Suggestions | • Keep in touch with others and take part in 55． activities. • Choosing to live in a pleasant climate don’t necessarily make sense if the elder are disconnected from people who are 56． to them. • Think about how to57． depression, low subjective well﹣being and early death. • Work together with others to 58．, to gain mutual support and establish a strong bond. |
| Conclusions | • The sense of isolation, rather than solitude or physical isolation itself, isn’t 59．to elders. • Living alone doesn’t mean loneliness if older people live an 60． social life. |