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Discovered by Amateurs
Some astronomers spend their entire careers looking for new discoveries in space, but a 10-year-old Canadian girl found one on her first try. In January, 2011, Kathryn Gray, who often studied stars, was looking at recent pictures of outer space and comparing them to pictures taken years earlier. The pictures were just thousands of tiny spots of light, but Gray spotted a star that looked different in the recent pictures. Could it possibly be a supernova ( 超新星 )? Usually a supernova is brighter, and it becomes visible through a telescope due to the brightness. Later Gray’s discovery was confirmed, and she became the youngest person to discover a supernova.
Throughout history, important discoveries in astronomy have been made by amateurs. An early example is William Herschel, who discovered Uranus in 1781. Uranus had been observed before, but expert astronomers thought it didn’t belong to our solar system. When Herschel saw it with a telescope he had designed and built himself, he realized that it was orbiting the sun. This meant that Uranus was a planet. And so, the map of our night sky was changed forever.
Then in 1930, a major discovery was made by a 24-year-old man, a farmer’s son, with no college education or formal training in astronomy. Clyde Tombaugh had built a homemade telescope using instructions from an article in a boy’s magazine. He used to draw detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to Dr. V. M. Slipher at the Lowell Observatory, who was so impressed and offered him a job on his team. Within a year, Tombaugh discovered a ninth planet, Pluto. It was regarded as a planet for 76 years, but scientists decided in 2006 that Pluto didn’t meet all of the criteria for a true planet. It was then considered to be a dwarf planet.
John Dobson is another influential amateur astronomer because he enabled so many others to take up astronomy as a hobby. In 1956, after constant attempts, he built a powerful telescope out of low-cost materials, such as paper tubes used in construction. With affordable tools like Dobson’s telescope, more amateurs today have the technology that is needed to make discoveries of their own.
1 ． How did Kathryn Gray discover the supernova?
2 ． Why did Clyde Tombaugh get a job at the Lowell Observatory?
3 ． Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The four amateur astronomers were all interested in astronomy and did some research, so they finally made discoveries of their own.
4 ． Which of the amateur astronomers mentioned in the passage has impressed you most? Why? (about 40 words)
1 ． Kathryn Gray discovered the supernova when she was comparing recent pictures of outer space to those taken years earlier.
2 ． Clyde Tombaugh impressed Dr. V. M. Slipher with his pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter, so he was offered a job at the Lowell Observatory.
3 ． The four amateur astronomers were all interested in astronomy and did some research, so they finally made discoveries of their own .
According to the passage, not every amateur astronomer made a discovery although they were all astronomy hobbyists.
4 ． (1) Kathryn Gray, the youngest person to discover a supernova, has impressed me most. Although she was young, she had her own hobby and devoted her time to it. It’s the key to her success. That’s why she has impressed me most.
(2) John Dobson has impressed me most. He didn’t make a discovery, but he provided the technology of making affordable tools, enabling more people to take up astronomy as a hobby. He is more influential in a sense. So he has impressed me most.
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个业余天文爱好者的发现或发明。
1 ．考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句 “In January, 2011, Kathryn Gray, who often studied stars, was looking at recent pictures of outer space and comparing them to pictures taken years earlier. ” （ 2011 年 1 月，经常研究恒星的凯瑟琳 · 格雷正在观察外太空最近的照片，并将它们与多年前拍摄的照片进行比较。）凯瑟琳 · 格雷是在比较外太空最近的照片和多年前拍摄的照片时发现的超新星。故答案为 “Kathryn Gray discovered the supernova when she was comparing recent pictures of outer space to those taken years earlier.” 。
2 ．考查细节理解。根据第三段第三句和第四句 “He used to draw detailed pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter. He sent the pictures to Dr. V. M. Slipher at the Lowell Observatory, who was so impressed and offered him a job on his team. ” （他曾经画过火星和木星表面的细节图。他把照片发给了洛厄尔天文台的 V.M. 斯莱弗博士，后者对他印象深刻，并邀请他在自己的团队中工作。）可知，克莱德 · 汤博画的火星和木星表面的图片给 V. M. 斯莱弗博士留下了深刻的印象，因此他得到了洛厄尔天文台的一份工作。故答案为 “Clyde Tombaugh impressed Dr. V. M. Slipher with his pictures of the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter, so he was offered a job at the Lowell Observatory.” 。
3 ．考查推理判断。根据最后一段前两句 “John Dobson is another influential amateur astronomer because he enabled so many others to take up astronomy as a hobby. In 1956, after constant attempts, he built a powerful telescope out of low-cost materials, such as paper tubes used in construction.” （约翰 · 多布森是另一位有影响力的业余天文学家，因为他使许多人能够把天文学作为一种爱好。 1956 年，在不断的尝试之后，他用低成本的材料，比如建筑用的纸管，建造了一个功能强大的望远镜。）可知，约翰 · 多布森并没有自己的发现，所以 “so they finally made discoveries of their own” 是错的，原因是根据文章，并不是每个业余天文学家都有发现，尽管他们都是天文学爱好者。故答案为在 “so they finally made discoveries of their own” 处画下划线，原因是 “According to the passage, not every amateur astronomer made a discovery although they were all astronomy hobbyists.” 。
4 ．考查细节理解。如果认为 Kathryn Gray 最令你印象深刻，则理由在第一段。如果认为 John Dobson 最令你印象深刻，则理由在最后一段。其他人也是一样的答题方式。所以参考答案为 “(1) Kathryn Gray, the youngest person to discover a supernova, has impressed me most. Although she was young, she had her own hobby and devoted her time to it. It’s the key to her success. That’s why she has impressed me most.” 或 “(2) John Dobson has impressed me most. He didn’t make a discovery, but he provided the technology of making affordable tools, enabling more people to take up astronomy as a hobby. He is more influential in a sense. So he has impressed me most.” 。
