阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容( 1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
In much of Asia, especially the so-called " rice bowl " cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 1 . Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 2 . (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 3 . (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 4 . (use) twigs( 树枝 )to remove it. Over time, 5 . the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 6 . (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7 . lived from roughly 551 to 479 B . C . , influenced the 8 . (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9 . (be) too violent for use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 10 . their hands.
1 . and
2 . be made
3 . to create
4 . using
5 . as/when
6 . gradually
7 . who
8 . development
9 . were
10 . with
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章主要从筷子使用的范围,制作筷子的方式和方法,筷子使用的历史及其发展等几方面来展开论述的。
1 .考查并列连词。这里列举了一些亚洲的国家,它们是并列关系,故填 and 。
2 .考查固定词组。精美的筷子可能是由刻有汉字的金或银制成的。 sth. be made of… 某物由 …… 制成,情态动词后跟动词原形,故填 be made 。
3 .考查不定式作目的状语。技术娴熟的工人会把各种各样的硬质木材和金属结合起来,以创造出特殊风格的筷子。这里用不定式表目的,故填 to create 。
4 .考查现在分词作伴随状语。人们可能使用大锅煮食物,用树枝搅拌食物, use 的逻辑主语是 people ,两者是主动关系,用现在分词表示伴随状况,故填 using 。
5 .考查时间状语从句。句意:随着人口的增长,人们开始把食物切成小块,这样可以煮得快一点,这里是时间状语从句, when 意为 “ 当 …… 时候 ” ,也适合语境,故填 as / when 。
6 .考查副词。副词修饰动词或形容词,这里修饰动词短语 turned into 应该用副词,故填 gradually 。
7 .考查非限制性定语从句。句中有逗号,说明是非限制性定语从句,先行词是 Confucius 孔子,定语从句缺少主语,且指人,故填 who 。
8 .考查词性转换。 the +名词+ of… 意为 “…… 的 ……” ,这里指 “ 筷子的发展 ” ,故填 development 。
9 .考查时态。根据句意可知,这里指的是刀子因太暴力而不适合在餐桌上使用, believed 后跟一个宾语从句, and 连接了两个并列的谓语,主语 knives 是复数,根据时态和主谓一致的原则,这里应用 were 。
10 .考查介词。句意:在印度,大部分人还是用传统的吃饭方法 —— 用手拿。 with +表示具体工具的名词,表示 “ 用 ……” ,故填 with 。
【名师点睛】
语法填空的解题技巧:
语法填空是通过语篇在语境中考查语法知识的运用能力。我们在解题前应快速浏览短文掌握大意,有把握的空格可以进行填写。在读懂的基础上,再结合短文提供的特定的语言环境去逐句分析逐题解答。按题型设计分三种情况:
1. 纯空格试题的解题技巧。
首先分析句子结构,根据所缺成分确定哪类词。然后根据句子意思,确定具体填什么词,或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。
2. 给出了动词的试题解题技巧。
首先,判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。若句子没有别的谓语动词或者虽然已有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系,所给动词就是谓语动词,若是谓语动词就要考虑时态和语态;若句子有谓语动词则用非谓语动词(动词不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词)。
3. 词汇转换题解题技巧。
这类题主要考查名词、形容词和副词。根据所给词在句中所作句子成分确定用哪种形式。
限制性定语从句的概念:
限制性定语是指对被修饰名词或代词的必需修饰,是被修饰名词或代词不可缺少的修饰语,如果去掉它句子意思往往会不明确或会发生变化。
如:The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。
The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因为下雨而感到失望。
定语从句知识体系:
关系代词引导的定语从句:
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
例:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)
例:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语)
The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)
关系副词引导的定语从句:
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。
例如:There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,
例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
限定性定语与非限定性定语的区别:
1、形式不同:
限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。
2、功能不同:
限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:
如:People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)
3、翻译不同:
在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开:
如:He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
4、含义不同:
如:I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5、先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;
另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句:
如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
Mr.Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱,希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6、关系词不同:
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。
判断关系代词与关系副词方法:
一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错
(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对)This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year.
(对)I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside.
注:习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where
B. that
C.on which
D. the one
答案:例1:D,例2:A
例1变为肯定句:This museum is___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句:This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
注:在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语。
而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。
关系代词that的用法:
1)不用that的情况:
a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。
如:(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介词后不能用:
如:We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。
b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
e)先行词既有人,又有物时。
例:All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
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