请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Feeling extreme loneliness can increase an older person’s risk of premature (过早的)death by 14 percent, according to research by John Cacioppo, professor of psychology at the University of Chicago.
Cacioppo and his colleagues’ work shows that the impact of loneliness on premature death is nearly as strong as the impact of disadvantaged socioeconomic status, which they found increases the chances of dying early by 19 percent. A 2010 meta﹣analysis showed that loneliness has twice as much impact on early death as obesity does, he said.
The researchers looked at dramatic differences in the rate of decline in physical and mental health as people aged. Cacioppo and his colleagues have examined the role of satisfying relationships on older people to develop their resilience ([rɪˈzɪliəns] 快速恢复的能力；适应力), the ability to feel better quickly after something unpleasant, and grow from stresses in life.
The consequences for health are dramatic, as feeling isolated or separated from others can disturb sleep, elevate blood pressure, increase morning rises in the stress hormone cortisol ([‘kɔ:tɪsɒl] 皮质醇), change the gene expression in immune cells, increase depression and lower overall subjective well﹣being, Cacioppo pointed out in a talk, “ Rewarding Social Connections Promote Successful Aging.”
Cacioppo, one of the nation’s leading experts on loneliness, said older people can avoid the consequences of loneliness by staying in touch with former co﹣workers, taking part in family traditions, and sharing good times with family and friends ﹣ all of which give older adults a chance to connect with others about whom they care and who care about them.
”Retiring to Florida to live in a warmer climate among strangers isn’t necessarily a good idea if it means you are disconnected from the people who mean much to you,” said Cacioppo. Population changes make understanding the role of loneliness and health all the more important,he explained. “People have to think about how to protect themselves from depression, low subjective well﹣being and early death. “
Although some people are happy to be alone, most people develop from social situations in which they provide mutual support and establish a strong bond. Evolution encourages people to work together to survive and accordingly most people enjoy companionship compared to be alone.
It is not solitude (独处)or physical isolation itself, but rather the subjective sense of isolation that Cacioppo’s work shows to be so destructive. Older people living alone are not necessarily lonely if they remain actively engaged in social life and enjoy the company of those around them. Some aspects of aging, such as blindness and loss of hearing, however, place people at special risk of becoming isolated and lonely, he said.
| Passage outline | Supporting details |
| The main idea | Chances are that older people will die early if they feel extremely 51．. |
| 52． with loneliness | • Like disadvantaged socioeconomic status and obesity, loneliness can 53． old men’s premature death. • When 54． from others, one will find physical health impacted and tend to feel depressive and unhappy. |
| Suggestions | • Keep in touch with others and take part in 55． activities. • Choosing to live in a pleasant climate don’t necessarily make sense if the elder are disconnected from people who are 56． to them. • Think about how to57． depression, low subjective well﹣being and early death. • Work together with others to 58．, to gain mutual support and establish a strong bond. |
| Conclusions | • The sense of isolation, rather than solitude or physical isolation itself, isn’t 59．to elders. • Living alone doesn’t mean loneliness if older people live an 60． social life. |
51．lonely
52．Troubles/Problems
53．cause
54．isolated/separated
55．social
56．important/significant
57．avoid
58．survive
59．beneficial
60．active
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。根据最新的研究，感到极度孤独会使老年人过早死亡的几率增加14%。文章主要是介绍了孤独对人的危害。
51．
考查形容词。根据第一段Feeling extreme loneliness can increase an older person’s risk of premature death by 14 percent, according to research by John Cacioppo, professor of psychology at the University of Chicago.可知根据芝加哥大学心理学教授John Cacioppo的研究，感到极度孤独会使老年人过早死亡的风险增加14%。由此可知，如果老年人感到极度孤独，他们很可能会早死。此处应填形容词lonely，作表语，表示“孤独的，孤单的”。故填lonely。
52．
考查名词的数。根据二、三、四段的内容以及表格右边内容可知，这里表示孤独会产生的一些问题。根据空后的介词with可知，表示“麻烦，问题”应填名词复数troubles/ problems。单词首字母要大写。故填Troubles/Problems。
53．
考查动词。根据第二段中Cacioppo and his colleagues’ work shows that the impact of loneliness on premature death is nearly as strong as the impact of disadvantaged socioeconomic status, which they found increases the chances of dying early by 19 percent.可知卡奇奥波和他的同事的研究表明，孤独对早逝的影响几乎与社会经济地位低下的影响一样强烈，他们发现社会经济地位低下会使早逝的几率增加19%。由此可知，与社会经济地位低下和肥胖一样，孤独也会导致老年人过早死亡。表示“造成”应填动词cause，且can后跟动词原形。故填cause。
54．
考查非谓语动词。根据第四段中as feeling isolated or separated from others can disturb sleep, elevate blood pressure, increase morning rises in the stress hormone cortisol, change the gene expression in immune cells, increase depression and lower overall subjective well-being可知当感觉被孤立或与他人分离时，会影响睡眠、升高血压、增加压力荷尔蒙皮质醇的早晨含量、改变免疫细胞的基因表达、增加抑郁感并降低整体的主观幸福感。由此可知，当与他人隔离时，一个人会发现自己的身体健康受到影响，容易感到抑郁和不快乐。此处为过去分词作状语，表示“隔绝的，隔离的”应用isolated/separated。故填isolated/separated。
55．
考查形容词。根据第五段中older people can avoid the consequences of loneliness by staying in touch with former co﹣workers, taking part in family traditions, and sharing good times with family and friends —all of which give older adults a chance to connect with others about whom they care and who care about them.可知老年人可以避免孤独的后果与前工作同事保持联系，参与家庭传统，并与家人和朋友分享美好时光-所有这些都给老年人一个机会与他们关心的人和关心他们的人联系。作者建议老年人多与之前的同事联系，参加传统的家庭活动，与家人和朋友分享好时光，即鼓励老年人积极参加社交活动。由此可知，此处建议是与他人保持联系，参加社会活动。修饰后文activities应用形容词social，表示“社交的”。故填social。
56．
考查形容词。根据第六段中“Retiring to Florida to live in a warmer climate among strangers isn’t necessarily a good idea if it means you are disconnected from the people who mean much to you,” said Cacioppo.可知Cacioppo说：“退休到佛罗里达，住在气候更温暖的陌生人中间，不一定是个好主意，因为这意味着你与那些对你意义重大的人失去了联系。”由此可知，如果老年人与对他们重要的人失去联系，那么选择住在气候宜人的地方就没有意义了。此处作表语，表示“重要的”应填形容词important/significant。故填important/significant。
57．
考查动词。根据第六段中People have to think about how to protect themselves from depression, low subjective well﹣being and early death.可知人们必须考虑如何保护自己不受抑郁，低主观幸福感和早逝。由此可知，思考如何避免抑郁，低主观幸福感和早逝。此处表示“避免”应用动词avoid，且为“疑问词+不定式”结构，故应用动词原形。故填avoid。
58．
考查动词。根据倒数第二段中Evolution encourages people to work together to survive and accordingly most people enjoy companionship compared to be alone.可知进化鼓励人们为了生存而一起工作，因此大多数人喜欢伴侣而不是独处。由此可知，与他人一起工作，为了生存，获得相互支持，建立牢固的纽带。表示“生存”应用survive，且结合上文Work together with others to可知为不定式，应填动词原形。故填survive。
59．
考查形容词。根据最后一段中It is not solitude or physical isolation itself, but rather the subjective sense of isolation that Cacioppo’s work shows to be so destructive.可知Cacioppo的作品中所表现出来的那种主观的孤立感是如此具有破坏性，而不是孤独或身体上的孤立本身。由此可知，孤立感，而不是孤独或身体孤立本身，对老年人是不利的。此处作表语，表示“有益的”应用形容词beneficial。故填beneficial。
60．
考查形容词。根据最后一段中Older people living alone are not necessarily lonely if they remain actively engaged in social life and enjoy the company of those around them.可知独自生活的老年人并不一定感到孤独，如果他们仍然积极参与社会生活，并享受周围人的陪伴。由此可知，如果老年人过着活跃的社交生活，独居并不意味着孤独。修饰后文social life，表示“活跃的”应用形容词active，作定语。故填active。